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Unit 1 Task 1 【答案】
A. unusual, whatever, escape, traditions, present, grey, moulded, shape, here B.
A Chronicle of Cambridge’s Early Years Years Events 1209 Several hundred students and scholars arrived in Cambridge from Oxford. 1284 1440 Peterhouse, the oldest college in Cambridge, was founded. King Henry Ⅵ founded King’s College. C. 1) Students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance.
2) When people went anywhere on a visit, the pretty English girls all kissed them.
3) Erasmus, Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, and Newton (or Wordsworth, Byron, Tennyson, etc.) 【原文】
My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions---and they go back so far! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the past, the present and even the future. It’s easy to see in the old grey stone buildings how the past moulded the present and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this university town looks like and how it came to be here at all.
The story of the University began, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford.
Of course there were no colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from anywhere and everywhere. They were armed; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually the idea of the college developed, and in 1284, Peterhouse, the oldest college in Cambridge, was founded.
Life in college was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very scarce and all the lessons were in the Latin language which students were supposed to speak even among themselves.
In 1440 King Henry VI founded King’s College, and the other colleges followed. Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, was at one of these, Queens’ College, from 1511 to 1513, and though he wrote that the college beer was “weak and badly made”, he also mentioned a pleasant custom that unfortunately seems to have ceased.
“The English girls are extremely pretty,” Erasmus said, “soft, pleasant, gentle, and charming. When you go anywhere on a visit the girls all kiss you. They kiss you when you arrive. They kiss you when you go away and again when you return.”
Many other great men studied at Cambridge, among them Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, Newton, Wordsworth, Byron and Tennyson.
Task 2
【答案】
A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c) B.
1) They usually wear black gowns—long gowns that hang down to the feet are for graduates, and shorter
ones for
undergraduates.
2) Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder than men. C.
1) meadows, green, peaceful, bending into, intervals, deep coloured, reflection, contrasts, lawns 2) peace, scholarship, peace, suggest, stretches, charmingly cool, graceful 【原文】
Now let me give you some idea of what you would see if you were to talk around Cambridge. Let us imagine that I am seeing the sights for the first time. It is a quite market town and the shopping centre extends for quite a large area, but I notice more bookshops than one normally sees in country towns, and more tailors’ shops showing in their windows the black gowns that students must wear—long gowns that hang down to the feet for graduates and shorter ones for undergraduates.
In the centre of the town is the market place where several times each week country traders come to sell their produce. Everywhere there are teashops, some in modern and many in old buildings, reached by climbing narrow stairs. There is a great deal of bicycle traffic, mainly undergraduates who race along thoughtless of safety, with long scarves (in various colours to denote their college) wound round their necks.
Continuing, I find my way to the river which flows behind the college buildings and curls about the . kszl
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town in the shape of a horseshoe. This narrow river is the Granta, and a little farther on changes in name to the Cam. It flows slowly and calmly. The “Blacks”, as this part of the town behind the colleges is called, have been described as the loveliest man-made view in English. It is indeed beautiful. To the felt, across the stream, there are no buildings, merely meadows, colleges’ gardens and lines of tall trees. Everything is very green and peaceful. On the river bank are willow trees with their branches bending into the water and, at intervals along the river, stone bridges cross the stream and lead into the colleges which line the bank. The deep coloured brick or stone of college walls, sometimes red and sometimes grey, is 500 years old. The walls rise out of their own reflection in the water and their colour contrasts charmingly with glimpses of the many green lawns.
Walking along the river bank, where the only sound is the noise of gentle wind in the tree tops, I came to my college, King’s College. Across a bridge and beyond a vast carpet of green lawn stands King’s College Chapel, the largest and most beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of English fifteenth-century architecture.
The colleges join one another along the curve of the river. Going through a college gate one finds one is standing in an almost square space of 70 yards known as a “court”. Looking down into the court on all sides are the buildings where the students live. The colleges are built on a plan common to all. There is a chapel, a library, and a large dinning-hall. One court leads to another and each is made beautiful with lawns or a fountain or charming old stone path. The student gets a good impression of all the English architectural styles of the past 600 years---the bad as well as the good.
There are 28 colleges, excluding three for women students. Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder than men.
It is difficult to walk around the quite courts of the colleges without feeling a sense of peace and scholarship. And the sense of peace that green lawns always suggest to me is found in the town too, for often one is surprised to meet open stretches of grass in the midst of the streets and house giving a charmingly cool countryside effect and reminding one of the more graceful days of eighteenth century. I’ll finish as I began on that note, the feeling one has here of the past in the present, of continuing tradition and firm faith.
Task 3
【答案】
A. 1) b) 2) c) B.
“Five Secrets” for Getting a Student Visa
Secret One: Get free, accurate information by visiting the US Embassy website. Secret Two: Be thoroughly prepared. Bring: I-20 form or IAP form; Diploma(s);
Standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);
All letters and s from the school, esp. those discussing financial aid; Evidence of funding for the applicant’s studies; Business cards;
Any other documents that might be important.
Secret Three: Answer the questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech. Secret Four: Tell the truth.
Secret Five: Come back to China in two ways: 1) Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China. 2) Come back to China after graduation.
【原文】
On March 7, US Consul General David Hopper and three other officials from the Visa Section of the American Embassy met with students at Peking University. One of the officials presented “Five Secrets” for getting a student visa. Secret One:
Get free, accurate information on applying for a student visa. Visit the US Embassy website. There is no charge for using these resources. Why pay to get the same information from other sources? Secret Two:
Be thoroughly prepared. Make sure you bring:
? Y I-20 form (or IAP-66 form); ?Your diploma(s);
?Your standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);
?All letters and s from the school, especially those that discuss scholarships, assistantships, fellowships and other forms of financial aid;
?Evidence of funding for your studies (bank documents, etc.); ?Your business cards (if you have a job);
?Any other documents that you think might be important. Secret Three:
Answer those questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech! Here’s an example of what to avoid.
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Visa officer：Hi, how are you today?
Applicant：I’m going to study chemical engineering at X University. Visa officer：X University? I've been to the campus many times.
Applicant：I will surely return to China and find a good job with a major multinational company. Visa officer：So tell me, what color is the sky?
Applicant：I was given a teaching assistantship because the school believes my test scores and
credentials are excellent．
These people are not communicating, and the applicant is not advancing his cause! Secret Four：
Tell the truth. If the visa officer thinks you’re lying, you won’t get a visa. Secret Five：
Come back to China. We mean that in two ways：
1. Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China．Keep up your friendships and professional contacts here．Students returning on vacation don’t even need to come in for an interview；they can simply use the drop-box service offered at many CITIC Bank locations. 2. Come back to China after you graduate. Use those advanced skills and theories that you learn in
the US to make China a better place．
Task 4
【答案】 A.
1) You are not well suited for it. / You do not have the necessary qualities or abilities for it. 2) You cannot go back to the previous situation. /You cannot change your mind. 3) You can’t change halfway the subjects you choose to study. B. 1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) a) 5) a) 6) b) C.References:
In the text, John criticizes the British university system for being too specialized in their curriculum, and argues that the American system is a better one. But Peter, the US student, doesn’t agree. In the debate, encourage students to refer to the points made by Peter or john in the conversation. They may also use their own experience at a Chinese university to support their viewpoints.
John’s arguments for a broader course of study:
—Students who follow a broader course will have a better understanding of the world in general,
and they will be more flexible in their jobs, so that if things go wrong they will be able to change jobs more easily.
—Things are changing so rapidly that we have to change with them. Too much emphasis on
specialization makes it difficult for us to renew or update our knowledge.
—The majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they have studied at university,
because what they learned is too academic and difficult.
Peter’s arguments against John:
—There are too many subjects today. You won’t be competent in anything if you don’t focus. Life is
short. You can’t do everything.
—People usually know what they want to do in high school.
—There are not many alternatives if students want to learn enough to be competent in their subject.
—American students with a first degree don’t have the depth of knowledge they should have. —Specialization is particularly important in sciences.
—People need to acquire a lot of pure knowledge, particularly in technical and scientific areas. The importance of pure knowledge should not be underestimated. 【原文】
John: I disagree, Peter. I don’t think it really matters what your educational background is. Anyone who
is bright enough is going to do well whatever their education. Peter: But John, …
John: In fact, I think some people carry on with their education when they would do a lot better to get
out and start building their own careers by learning things in real life.
Peter: Yes, but the whole point is, life is getting so much more complicated these days that unless you
carry on with your studies you just can't cope.
John: For certain things, and certain people, okay. But to my mind, the big problem in education is that
you specialize too quickly. I mean, in England, you start specializing from the third year in secondary school, when you're about 14. And it gets steadily narrower until you do your A-levels in only two or three subjects. You either do languages, or natural sciences, or social sciences.
Peter: But surely these days you have to, John—you can't possibly study everything, because there's just too much.
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John: Yes, but how many kids at the age of 16 really know what they want to do? How many of them are
convinced that the three subjects they've chosen, or have been recommended, are the ones that will let them follow the careers they eventually decide on?
Peter: Oh, I think most young people who stay on at school have a fair idea of what they want to do. John: I'm not so sure, Peter. And after all, that's not the end of it. When they get to university in
England, the subjects they study are so narrow that they are only good for one thing; so they are stuck with it.
Peter: But I don't really see that there is any alternative if people are going to learn enough to be
competent in their subject. They've got to specialize early, and I suppose those that realize they've made a mistake can always swap to something else.
John: Ah, but that's just it. You can't. Suppose you study languages at university and then decide that
you are not cut out for it and would like to be a doctor. You've burnt your bridges. You can't just change horses in midstream; you've got to go right back to the beginning and you lose years. I think the American system is much better. Peter: In what way?
John: Well, for your first degree you've got to study a fairly wide range of subjects, and you can choose
them yourself, within certain limits.
Peter: Fine, but doesn't that mean that American students with a first degree don't have the depth of
knowledge they should have? John: Should have for what?
Peter: Well, they often aren't accepted for postgraduate work in England with just a first degree.
John: Maybe not, but I don't really think that's important. They come out with a pretty good general
knowledge in a wide area. After all, when you think about a lot of the stuff English students have to study, what good is it to them afterwards? I'm sure the majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they studied at university.
Peter: That may be true of some arts subjects, but what about the sciences?
John: Even there, a lot of what they do at university is so academic and abstruse that they will never be
able to put it to any practical use. I'm sure they would benefit far more from on-the-job experience. And if they've had a broader course of study they've got two advantages. Peter: How do you mean?
John: First of all, they will have a better understanding of the world in general, so they will be more
flexible in their jobs, and then if things do go wrong they will be able to switch jobs more easily. Peter: That all sounds very simple, but I think you're still underestimating the amount of pure learning
that you need these days, particularly in technical and scientific areas. I mean even at school these days, children have to learn far more things than we did when we were at school.
John: All the more reason why we should not try to concentrate on such a few things at such an early
age. Things are changing so rapidly these days that we have to change with them. When we were younger, there was a pretty good chance that we would be able to carry on in the profession we'd chosen until we retired. But these days, people have got to be prepared to change their jobs and learn new skills as technology moves ahead. Take just the area of the office, for example. How many offices...
Task 5
【答案】
domestic, diversity, flexibility, more than 3,600, campuses, enrolled students, industries, about 3 million, Harvard, Stanford, community colleges, state universities, faculties, ethnic minorities, subjects and course options, student, consumer, flexibility, specialize, a higher education, postsecondary, a new career, retired people 【原文】
That a record 453,787 foreign students from 180 countries attended colleges and universities in the US in the past academic year is perhaps the most vivid indication that there are important advantages in American higher education.
No other country receives even half as many foreign students, yet international students represent only 3% of the total enrollment at US colleges and universities. In all, some fifteen million students attend America's institutions of higher education.
These statistics illustrate four major features of the American higher education system which make it attractive to both domestic and foreign students: size, diversity, flexibility and accessibility.
Today there are more than 3,600 institutions of higher education in the United States. Some of the large state university systems, such as those in New York, California and Texas, comprise dozens of campuses and hundreds of thousands of enrolled students. Indeed, higher education has become one of the biggest \
The range and diversity of institutions and programs of study in the US are even more impressive. The system encompasses both prestigious private universities such as Harvard and Stanford, which are among the best in the world, and local publicly-funded community colleges; both huge state university campuses enrolling 40,000-50,000 students and tiny private institutes with fewer than 100 students.
American higher education is diverse in other ways, too. Not only do most colleges and universities . kszl
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enroll foreign students, but foreign faculty and visiting scholars play an important role on many campuses, particularly the large universities. In most comprehensive institutions, there are as many female students as male, and the numbers of students and faculty from ethnic minorities, particularly Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans have been steadily increasing. As a result, the campus communities of many American universities reflect in microcosm the diversity of larger society.
Higher education in the US is also unique in offering an enormous variety of subjects and course options, ranging from Aerospace Engineering to Women's Studies and from Art to Zoology. Because it is dependent on tuition for funding, higher education in the US is student-centered and consumer-oriented; institutions teach what students want to know and what society as a whole thinks is useful. For example, the large public universities of New York, Ohio State University, and the University of Texas at Austin offer hundreds of different degree programs and have academic catalogs listing thousands of courses.
The variety of programs and courses contributes to the flexibility of the American system. Undergraduates usually begin their program taking \education,\\arts,\or \curriculum\—in order that they might become more \—and only later select their major in many cases, not until their second year.
Because they do not specialize from the very beginning, undergraduate students have more options than their counterparts in other countries. Not infrequently, American undergraduates change their mind and decide to take a different major, but this does not oblige them to start over, for at least part of their course work can still be applied to the new degree.
Most academic programs include \courses\which students can sometimes take outside their main field of study. This gives them added choice in planning their education, and enables them to broaden their perspective by learning about other subjects. Thus, much is left up to student, who is expected to choose from a bewildering variety of institutions, degree programs and courses, and often must depend on his/her academic advisors for help in planning a program of study.
The size, diversity and flexibility of the American higher education system all contribute to its accessibility. Americans take for granted that everyone, regardless of their origin, should have a right to a higher education, and opportunities do exist for a large percentage of college-age young people to pursue postsecondary studies. It should be remembered that in the US the category \can encompass vocational, technical, professional and other specialized training.
Fundamental to American culture is the high value it places on education. At whatever level, education is considered a form of self-improvement, which can lead to new career opportunities, economic advances and personal betterment, regardless of one's age. An increasing number of older, \additional training or to prepare for a new career. Moreover, as many as fifteen million Americans, including large number of retired people, enroll in noncredit college courses (in other words, courses not leading to a degree) every year.
Task 6
【答案】A.1) b) 2) a) 3) a) 4) c) 5) b) B. I. A.
1. little use for the liberation of African people
2. to overcome the social and technological backwardness B.
1.formal education, society 2. catalyst, social change II.
A. the world`s best, the most appropriate
B. integrate education and life, and education and production
C. we should judge a child or and an adult by their academic ability
III. the formal education system, society as a whole, cooperativeness, a desired to serve 【原文】 Part 1 We know that something called “education” is a good thing. And all African states therefore spend a large proportion of government revenue on it. But, I suspect that for us in Africa the underlying purpose of education is to turn us into black Europeans, or black Americans, because our education policies make it quite clear that we are really expecting education in Africa to enable us to emulate the material achievements of Europe and America. We have not begun to think seriously about whether such material achievements are possible or desirable.
The primary purpose of education is the liberation of man. To “liberate” is to “set free”. It implies impediments to freedom having been thrown off. But a man can be physically free from restraint and still be unfree if his mind is restricted by habits and attitudes which limit his humanity.
Education is incomplete if it enables man to work out elaborate schemes for universal peace but does not teach him how to provide good food for himself and his family. It is equally incomplete if it teaches man to be an efficient tool user and tool maker, but neglects his personality and his . kszl
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relationship with his fellow human beings.
There are professional men who say, \Tanzania.\—except a slave. When people say such things, in effect they are saying, \like cotton or sisal.\And they are showing that, instead of liberating their humanity by giving it a greater chance to express itself, the education they have received has degraded their humanity. Their education has converted them into objects—repositories of knowledge like rather special computers. We condemn such people. Yet it is our educational system which is instilling in boys and girls the idea that their education confers a price tag on them—which ignores the infinite and priceless value of a liberated human being, who is cooperating with others in building a civilization worthy of creatures made in the image of God. Part 2
A formal school system, devised and operated without reference to the society in which its graduates will live, is of little use as an instrument of liberation for the people of Africa. At the same time, learning just by living and doing in the existing society would leave us so backward socially and technologically that human liberation in the foreseeable future is out of the question. Somehow we have to combine the two systems. We have to integrate formal education with the society and use education as a catalyst for change in that society.
Inevitably it takes time to change. We have not solved the problem of building sufficient self-confidence to refuse what we regard as the world's best (whatever that may mean), and to choose instead the most appropriate for our conditions. We have not solved the problem of our apparent inability to integrate education and life, and education and production. We have not solved the problem of overcoming the belief that academic ability marks out a child or an adult as especially praiseworthy, or as deserving a privileged place in society.
This is not a failure within the formal education system. It is a failure of society as a whole. Indeed, the educationalists have advanced in these matters more than other sections of the community. But our society has not yet accepted that character, cooperativeness and a desire to serve are relevant to a person's ability to benefit from further training.
Task 7
【原文】
For beauty and for romance the first place among all the cities of the United Kingdom must be given to Oxford. The impression that Oxford makes upon those who, familiar with her from early years, have learnt to know and love her in later life is remarkable. Teeming with much that is ancient, she appears the embodiment of youth and beauty. Exquisite in line, sparkling with light and colour, she seems ever bright and young, while her sons fall into decay and perish. \her for her loveliness, till their dim eyes can look on her no more.
And this is for the reason that the true lovableness of Oxford cannot be learnt at once. As her charms have grown from age to age, so their real appreciation is gradual. Not that she cannot catch the eye of one who sees her for the first time, and, smiling, hold him captive. This she can do now and then; but even so her new lover has yet to learn her preciousness.
Unit 2 Task 1 【答案】
A. 1) c) 2) d) 3) b) B. 1) T 2) F 3) T C. b→e→d→a→c 【原文】
Dear Ann Landers:
I buried my husband yesterday. We were married for 23 years. My hand is not very steady but I must write this letter. Perhaps it is grief therapy for myself, but whatever the reason I hope you will not think I am out of my head.
Our marriage was what you might call \balance we had more fun together than most couples our age. I am Italian and Bill was Irish. Maybe that explains a few things. Anyway, I loved him very much and I know he loved me.
We had an argument Wednesday night. It was a bitter quarrel and we both said things we shouldn't have. Thursday morning I fixed Bill a good breakfast but we didn't speak. I figured we'd patch things up at supper. That afternoon at 4 o'clock he was dead. It was a massive heart attack, his first. By the time I reached the hospital, he was gone.
Years ago you gave some advice on how to have a good marriage. You said, \How I wish I had taken that advice. It's awful to know that our last words were angry ones.
I hope every married couple who reads this will ask themselves this question: \beloved again, what were the last words we spoke to one another?\isn't it? Too Late For Me!
Task 2
【答案】
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1) Donald, whom Olivia loves, has proposed marriage to her.
2) She cannot make up her mind because it is wartime and she does not have enough time to know more about Donald and ensure her feelings.
3) She thinks Donald probably just wants to marry himself off before he is killed in the war. 【原文】
Olivia: Donald has asked me to marry him. Marcia: Has he? That's wonderful! Olivia! Olivia: Is it?
Marcia: Well... yes.., don't you think it is? Olivia: I'm not sure. I'm really not. Marcia: Why not? Don't you love him?
Olivia: Yes... I think so. But is that a good reason to get married? Now? With a war going on? Marcia: I don't think I understand.
Olivia: Well, it's.., how shall I say it...? Oh, I find it very difficult to explain! Marcia: Are you afraid he may be... may be...
Olivia: Killed? Yes, of course. But that isn't the reason. Marcia: Well, what is it, then?
Olivia: It's just that I feel that.., how can I put it...? If there weren't a war on, things would be different.
We'd have more time together. More time to decide. How can I be sure I really love him? Or that he loves me? I sometimes think that he wants to get married now because he thinks it may be his last chance.
Marcia: To do what? Olivia: To get married, of course.
Marcia: Oh, I see. I mean, I think I'm beginning to understand now.
Olivia: What would you do if you were me? I mean, would you..do you think I should... Marcia: It's hard to say. I just don't know. Olivia: Neither do I. That's the problem!
Task 3
【答案】
A. broken down, exceptional, three, solicitor, proceedings, alcoholic, brute, judge, court B.
1) two, consent to divorce 2) five, the other’s consent
3) two, Evidence for desertion can be provided 4) adultery, cannot bear to live with the other
5) one party’s unreasonable behaviour, cannot continue living with him or her, Consultation with a solicitor 【原文】
As the law stands today, it has to be shown that a marriage has irretrievably broken down before a divorce can be granted, and, unless the circumstances are exceptional, you must have been married for three years before you can apply for a divorce.
If you genuinely feel that your marriage has broken down beyond repair, your nearest divorce court can supply you with a booklet called Undefended Divorce, which outlines the necessary steps to take and five facts or grounds on which you can prove to a judge that your marriage has truly broken down. Briefly, they are as follows:
1. Separation for a period of two years by mutual consent with both partners agreeing to divorce.
2. Separation for a period of five years. In this case, either partner can start divorce proceedings without the other's consent.
3. Desertion for a period of two years, but you will have to supply evidence to show that you have been genuinely deserted.
4. Adultery, plus the fact that you cannot bear to continue living with your partner, although this does not have to particularly relate to the adultery. You will also have to produce substantial evidence to prove that adultery really has taken place.
5. Unreasonable behaviour, to the extent that you cannot expect to continue living with your partner. Again, you'll have to provide evidence to support this claim and, in many cases, it's wise to consult a solicitor before starting any proceedings on such grounds. Your personal idea of unreasonable behaviour may be very different from that held by the law. Boozy nights out with the boys might not make a man a roaring alcoholic, just as a possibly provoked slap might not brand him as a brute in the eyes of a judge. So make sure you really know what's required to satisfy the court first.
Task 4
【答案】
A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) c)
B. 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) T 【原文】
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People nowadays find it hard to believe that Helen and I had a working honeymoon. We spent it in tuberculin testing, partly because the work was overdue and partly because we hadn't the money to do anything very exotic.
For all that, we had a wonderful time. I did the testing and Helen did the writing as I injected the cows and called out their skin measurements. Our headquarters was the old Wheatsheaf Inn at Carperby.
After our marriage on a cold, sunny November day in Thirsk Church we drove west to Richmond. It was in the era when everybody's idea of a big night was going to the cinema, and that was what we did. We went to the Zetland in Richmond, then drove through the darkness, over the moors, down the steep bank to Redmire and so to Carperby.
We hadn't expected anything to eat at that hour but the owner, Mrs. Kilburn and her niece, Gladys, produced a delicious hot meal. Those two good ladies fed us like royalty during our stay there, piling the dining table with Yorkshire fare. Enormous breakfasts of home cured ham and fresh eggs, massive dinners of roast beef and Yorkshire puddings and apple pies drowned in cream. And always, on the table, a foot high Wensleydale cheese--the old kind of \the technical purists but was exquisite to eat.
Our bedroom, with its brass bedstead, looked out over the old roofs of the village houses across the Ure to the hills beyond, and I still feel that wherever Helen and I might have spent our honeymoon we could not have found greater beauty.
This feeling persisted over the next few days, and the sun shone determinedly and we drove from one grey-stone farmhouse to the other, luxuriating in the surroundings of Wensleydale and Coverdale. I can remember Mr. Butterfield of Melmerby being highly amused at our kind of honeymoon and bursting into half-stifled laughter as we moved from barn to barn on his farm.
I had a lot of fun, too with Mrs. Allen of Gayle, that marvellous village set off incomparably by its stream rushing over the shelving rock. I was having lunch with Mrs. Allen on the Tuesday after testing her husband's cattle when she teased me, as she often did, about getting married. When I replied unemotionally that the ceremony was fixed for the following day she couldn't believe me. \ I nodded. \ \ \. \
It was a wonderful punchline and when I left the farm the poor lady was still incredulous. But all her doubts were resolved when I turned up on Thursday with Helen, and she gave my new wife a proper Dales welcome.
The day was idyllic. The Allen farm stretched away over the high moors to Oughtershaw, a piece of bleakest Yorkshire, but smiling in the sunshine through its bare miles of tufted grass. The air had the sharp sweetness which is found only on the topmost Permines. And that was where Mr. Allen first referred to Helen as my \
Task 5
【答案】
A. b→e→c→d→a B. 1) d) 2) b) C. 1) T 2) F 3) T 【原文】
“But what if I break my arm again?” my five year-old daughter asked, her lower lip trembling. I knelt holding onto her bike and looked her right in the eyes. I knew how much she wanted to learn to ride—how often she felt left out when her friends pedaled by our house. Yet ever since she’d fallen off her bike and broken her arm, she’d been afraid.
“Oh honey,” I said. “I don’t think you’ll break another arm.” “But I could, couldn’t I?”
“Yes,” I admitted, and found myself struggling for the right thing to say. At times like this, I wished I had a partner to turn to. Someone who might help find the right words to make my little girl’s
problems disappear. But after a disastrous marriage and a painful divorce, I’d welcomed the hardships of being a single parent and had been firm in telling anyone who tried to fix me up that I was terminally single.
“I don’t think I want to ride,” she said and got off her bike. We walked away and sat down beside a tree.
“Don’t you want to ride with your friends?” I asked. “Yes,”she admitted.
“And I thought you were hoping to start riding your bike to school next year,” I added. “I was,” she said, her voice almost a quiver.
“You know, hon,” I said. “Most everything you do comes with risks. You could get a broken arm in a car wreck and then be afraid to ever ride in a car again. You could break your arm jumping rope. You could break your arm at gymnastics. Do you want to stop going to gymnastics?”
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“No,” she said. And with a determined spirit, she stood up and agreed to try again. I held on to the back of her bike until she found the courage to say, “Let’s go!”
I spent the rest of the afternoon at the park watching a very brave little girl overcome a fear, and congratulating myself for being a self-sufficient single parent.
As we walked home, pushing the bike as we made our way along the sidewalk, she asked me about a conversation she’d overheard me having with my mother the night before.
“Why were you and grandma arguing last night?”
My mother was one of the many people who constantly tried to fix me up. How many times had I told her “no” to meeting the Mr. Perfect she picked out for me. She just knew Steve was the man for me.
“It’s nothing,” I told her.
She shrugged. “Grandma said she just wanted you to find someone to love.”
“What grandma wants is for some guy to break my heart again,” I snapped, angry that my mother had said anything about this to my daughter.
“But Mom…”
“You’re too young to understand,” I told her.
She was quiet for the next few minutes. Then she looked up and in a small voice gave me something to think about.
“So I guess love isn’t like a broken arm.”
Unable to answer, we walked the rest of the way in silence. When I got home, I called my mother and scolded her for talking about this to my daughter. Then I did what I’d seen my brave little girl do that very afternoon. I let go and agreed to meet Steve.
Steve was the man for me. We married less than a year later. It turned out mother and my daughter were right.
Task 6
【答案】
A. 1) d) 2) d) B. 1) T 2) F 3) T
C. a) Getting the groom to church on time
b) Dressing the bridegroom
c) Having the wedding ring ready 【原文】
Until Jack and Jill did me the signal honor of asking me to be their best man I could not understand this best man business at all.
Surely, I said to myself, the bridegroom is the best man—the bravest, the luckiest, most desired man.
Not his sidekick, the guy whose only job is to produce the wedding ring at the appropriate time so that the groom can pop it on the bride’s third finger—left hand!
How wrong one can be! This is the voice of experience.
Just listen to me and maybe you will have second thoughts about who is the best man. First of all the best man must be a bachelor.
They dare not ask a married man. Marriage men are experienced—know what it is all abo
Bachelors know nothing of those mysteries which convert a miss into a missus to the endless preparations which go into managing this.
For the information of those who have not had the experience, let me tell you.
A best man is some kind of Boy Scout. You know, a chap brimming over with bonhomie, dedicated to good turns—that sort of man.
He must make the path seem straight and even when really it is not a path at all but a burning deck with a cargo of hobgoblins.
He is the bridegroom's steadying influence, the cheerful chap who sees to everything, and keeps his head in all the emergencies.
Responsibilities—dear me, I'll tell you. Do you know I dared not even let myself go at last night's party? There was so much to do this morning.
The best man is responsible for getting the groom to church on time. Yes, the best man has to help dress the groom. See to it that his pockets don't bulge with the usual paraphernalia.
And then I had to make sure that we had extra handkerchiefs—a vicar told me to see to that one. Above all I had to make sure of the ring. All Jack did was keep asking about it. I nearly had a nervous breakdown checking again and again that it was actually in my pocket. Had I taken it out, even once, I'm sure I'd have lost it.
You've no idea of what I went through before we got to the church—my worries melted away the moment our enchanting bride arrived with her wonderful retinue.
Beauty and light came in with the bride and her lovely bridesmaids. Since their arrival all has been well, very well with me.
Feast your eyes upon them, ladies and gentlemen. They are charm itself. As soon as they appeared the scene changed, everything became sweetness and light, and I became the happiest form of mortals. . kszl
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They are my good fairies. In their presence the hobgoblins dare not materialize.
And so, ladies and gentlemen, it is, on their behalf, my great pleasure to thank Jack for the super way in which he proposed the toast of the bridesmaids who like myself wish Jill and you everything that is best in the new life which you are now starting.
Task 7
【答案】
A. 1) c) 2) c) 3) b) 4) d) 5) d)
B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) T 【原文】
Perhaps the greatest impediment to friendship in marriage is the amount a couple usually see of each other．
Friendship in its usual sense is not tested by the strain of daily, year-long cohabitation. Couples need to contrive separate interests (and friend ships) as well as mutually shared ones, if they are not to become accustomed to the more attractive elements of each other’s personalities．
Married couples are apt to exert themselves for guests—being amusing, discussing with passion and point—and then to relapse into dull exhausted silence when the guests have gone. They may compound the boredom by starting to accuse each other of points of inattention or illogicality or “disloyalty” that they noticed in the other．
As in all friendship, a husband and wife must strive to interest each other, and to spend sufficient time sharing absorbing activities to give them continuing common interests. But at the same time they must spend enough time on separate interests with separate people (without jealousy on the other’s part) to preserve and develop their separate personalities and keep their relationship fresh．
For too many highly intelligent working women, home represents chore obligations, because the husband only tolerates her work and does not participate in household chores. For too many highly intelligent working men, home represents dullness and reproaches—from an overdependent wife who will not gather courage to make her own life．
In such an atmosphere，the partners grow further and further apart，both love and liking disappearing．For too many couples with children, the children are allowed to command all time and attention, allowing the couple no time to develop liking and friendship, as well as love, allotting them exclusive parental roles.
We live in an industrial society with universal education and universal suffrage and the ability to control the number of children we can cope with. Yet we nurture many gender prejudices suited only to slave or tribal societies.
However almost in spite of ourselves—in spite of our conditioning—we are seeing friendship between men and women. Most of the media deride the possibility—after all, if every man is not to regard every woman as dangerous prey and every woman is not to regard every man as a dangerous source of loot and flattery, a major part of sensational reporting and fiction is lost.
But it seems that friendship is possible between people of different gender. And it is also possible between people who are sexually involved with each other. It does not seem too soon for friendship to be recognized as a desirable component of the marital relationship. There can be few more rewarding activities than learning to make friends with your marriage partner.
Task 8
【答案】
The reporter:
Boston Herald, Iraq, s, articles, her friends’ comments, fight the war, report on the fighting The wife’s friends:
would not have let him go, taking care of the three children, aged 9,7and 5, the danger The wife:
is it worth, unbearable, always huddled against me at night, kept asking me when Daddy was coming home, never said anything but she would glance her father’s photo next to his articles every morning, support my husband, bring us the news, did what his career asked him to do 【原文】
My husband is on the front lines in Iraq. Not as a soldier, but as a reporter. When I told my friends about his latest assignment, each had the same reaction, \wouldn't let him go.\
They remind me, as if I'd somehow forgotten, that he has left behind our three young children for weeks, perhaps months. Maybe, they whisper, forever. He'll be risking his life, they say, for some news.
Is it worth it?
I understand the implication behind the questions, that my husband is more concerned with the trajectory of his career than the welfare of his family. I understand the pity they feel for me because of the burden suddenly heaped on my shoulders to be a somewhat single mother to three children - 9, 7, and 5. I understand because I've sometimes wrestled with the same thoughts.
During the past seven weeks, there have been moments I've found myself lying awake in the bleak . kszl
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hours before dawn, in a bed we used to share, trying to reconcile myself to the belief that his professional goals as a journalist are compatible with our goals for our family. In those dark moments, only the glow of the computer screen alerting me to an from him chased away the shadows of doubt.
As difficult as this uncertain time apart has been for us, the toll it's taken on my children has been immeasurable.
My 5-year-old daughter devised a schedule to determine which of the children would keep me company in my empty bed at night. Whether it was her turn or not, I can usually wake to find her huddled against me. My 7-year-old son has many questions about the range of Iraqi missiles. Though I've never allowed my children to watch the evening news, National Public Radio has been my constant companion, and his ears prick up at any mention of the war, and he queries me about \Most troubling of all, my 9-year-old daughter has said nothing. She has asked no questions, shed no tears, and she merely glances at the photo of her father prominently displayed on the page next to his articles each morning. And all three are probably the only kids at their schools who can find Iraq on a map.
Now that war has interrupted the flow of our , my only contact with my husband is via his articles in the Boston Herald, a newspaper he has served for a decade. In an odd way, those articles written for thousands provide a more intimate connection to my husband than the s he wrote to me. I think it's because, from a distance, it's somehow easier for him to reveal himself to strangers than to the woman who aches for him.
In the end, when friends ask, \countries, is presenting us with the truth.
Each time we turn on our radios, click on our televisions, flip open our newspapers, we overlook the risks reporters take to bring us the news. We forget that a camera and tape recorder do not defend against bullets and land mines. Perhaps it never occurred to us, as we watched how the battle was going on, that someone stayed behind to film it.
It has often been said that journalists write the first drafts of history. In one of our last correspondences, I told him about my friends' comments. He responded with his usual eloquence, \not here to fight the war, just to report on the fighting.\
So when my friends ask, I tell them it wasn't a matter of letting him go or making him stay. My husband just does what his career asks him to do.
Task 9
【答案】
A．1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) F B.
Traditional weddings in Japan:
has her belongings taken to the place of her husband-to-be, says her prayers at the altar, the parents of the bride and the bridegroom Traditional weddings in India:
putting a red mark on his forehead, meaning that he is now ready to have children, a decorated horse, place garlands of flowers on each other, they now belong to each other Traditional weddings in Siberia:
a celebration of their main occupation-fishing, the end of the fishing season, bowls of fish eggs, the hope that the newly married couple will have many children, the groom’s house by boat Traditional Christian weddings: a veil, modesty, marriage vows Unusual forms of weddings: under water, a fitness display 【原文】
Well, as we mentioned at the beginning of the program someone in the news is about to get married and that person is me. I'm going to be getting married in Adelaide this Saturday and the BTN team asked me to bring along a photo of my bride-to-be. So I did. Here we are. Her name's Catherine. This is actually a photo of her when we went on a recent skiing trip together. But my wedding—of course, our wedding—is not the biggest news story of the year, but the BTN team thought that it was a really good time to see how all sorts of different people celebrate marriage.
Of course, brides and grooms have been getting married in one way or another ever since people first lived on earth. And it's believed that in really ancient times the wedding ceremony probably wasn't really very gentle. The man picked his bride and that was that, as they thought. But then again, on the other hand, who's to say that it never happened the other way round? Marriage ceremonies, of course, have changed a lot since then and are certainly a lot less painful, I hope. But they're still very different in different parts of the world.
A traditional wedding, for example, in Japan, begins with the bride taking most of her belongings to the house of her husband-to-be. Relatives and friends help carry her things on bamboo poles. Before she leaves, the bride says prayers at her altar. These days, the bride travels by bus if her husband lives a long way away. Traditional weddings now only take place in country areas. The wedding itself is a very private affair, only attended by the bride and groom and their parents. They are married by a priest in the Japanese Shinto religion.
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Now in India most people marry according to the Hindu religion. The wedding day begins with groom's mother blessing her son. She puts a red mark on his forehead as a sign that he is now to have children. The groom then goes to his bride's house for the wedding ceremony. He rides a decorated horse because this adds to the day's festivities. The groom is greeted and blessed by the bride's mother. In India, many marriages are arranged by the couple's parents. Part of the wedding ceremony sees the bride and groom placing garlands of flowers on each other. This shows that the bride and groom now belong to each other.
In Siberia, a small tribe of people have been celebrating marriages the same way for thousands of years. They belong to an ancient tribe called the Ouchi. The Ouchi are famous for their embroidered clothes and for their dancing. The wedding ceremony is also a celebration of the Ouchi's main occupation—fishing. The women dance with bowls of fish eggs which represent the hope that the couple getting married will have plenty of children. The eggs are given to an elderly relative of the groom. The Ouchi never hold weddings until the end of the fishing season. Then there's usually plenty to celebrate. The bride and groom travel to the groom's house by boat and there's no shortage of family and friends to tell them they have both made a good catch.
Well, weddings can be celebrated on a small scale or on a grand scale. And one of the grandest weddings of recent times took place in July 1981 in London. The occasion was the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer. It was a Christian wedding, full of tradition. Lady Diana wore a veil, which represents modesty. Brides have worn veils for more than 2,000 years. The royal couples were asked to take the traditional marriage vows. Well, these days many people still get married in churches. But often couples decide to wed in really quite unusual places. Four months ago, a couple in Adelaide decided to get married under water. They were both diving instructors and for them it seemed only fitting to share the occasion with their fishy friends.
That's in the US and it could only happen there. A couple who met at an aerobics class decided to mm their marriage into a fitness display. The happy couple bounced down the aisle without a muscle out of place. The bride said that her mother didn't mind a bit and thought that it was for fun. Fun, huh? It's all lunatic.
That's all for today. My wedding is not going to be like that at all. I think our wedding's going to be great. That's all for today. I'm going to be away on my honeymoon for two weeks and Basia Bonkowski will be presenting the program while I'm away. So until next time on BTN from me anyway. Oh, goodness, it's wedding time. Cheerio!
Task 10
【原文】
Jerry`s wedding eleven years ago to a Chinese-American was \his bride wearing a white wedding gown at a Protestant church ceremony (because both he and his wife are Christians) and then changing to a red dress after the wedding for their reception banquet at a Chinatown restaurant.
Another Chinese-American friend in California sent us their wedding invitation. Following the American custom, he included a smaller envelope and card for us to send back to tell them if we would attend the wedding or not. But instead of using the usual white color for the envelope and cards, he and his bride chose Chinese red. The invitation itself combing English and Chinese, just as their church wedding ceremony did.
Unit 3 Task 1
【答案】
A. 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) T B.
1) She takes care of the Jotmsons' children when their mother is sick.
2) When they got to the theater, they found that the G movie wasn’t there any more. The theater was showing an X-rated movie called GIRLS.
3) Since she didn’t know what X meant, she thought a movie about \little girls. 【原文】
Jack: Did you hear what happened to Helga? She almost lost her job. Mary: I didn't know she had one.
Jack: Well, it's just a part-time job. Helga takes care of the Jotmsons' children when their mother is
sick. Mrs. Johnson hasn't been well lately.
Mary: What happened? Why did Helga almost lose her job?
Jack: Well, there was a children's movie advertised at the neighborhood theater last Saturday. It was
one of those G movies, for general audiences.
Mary: I suppose Helga took the Johnson children to the movie. Wasn't that all right?
Jack: Yes, but here is what happened. When they got to the theater, they found that the G movie wasn't
there any more. The theater was showing an X-rated movie called GIRLS. Mary: X-rated movies are really bad, aren't they?
Jack: They're even worse than R-rated ones which teenagers aren't supposed to see. But Helga didn't . kszl
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know what X meant, and she thought a movie about \little girls. Mary: Did the theater let her in?
Jack: No, but Helga tried to make them let her in. The manager had to call Mrs. Johnson. That's how
she almost lost her job.
Task 2
【答案】
A. 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) F 6) F B.
Judy watched a bit of TV last night. Before the football came on, she switched over just to protest, for she couldn’t bear football, and thus she saw the end of the film The Graduate. When the football came on, she turned over to a programme on foxes. After the foxes, she turned over back to see who won the football, but only saw the beginning of the News. Then she packed up and went to bed. 【原文】
Stuart: What did you do last night then? Did you work all night?
Judy: Yes, I did some work, but I watched a bit of TV ... Got to relax, you know. Stuart: Did you watch the football?
Judy: No, no I didn't. I can't bear football. Stuart: Really?
Judy: Yes. I really hate it. Well, actually, just before the football came on, I switched over just to ... just to protest.
Stuart: What did you see then?
Judy: Well, I saw the programme before ... just the end of a film that was on before the football. It looked quite
good actually. It's a shame I didn't switch on earlier. It was some kind of love story ... with Dustin Hoffman, you know, The erm ...
Stuart: The Graduate?
Judy: That's it. The Graduate.
Stuart: Yes. I know. I've seen that. Yes, good film.
Judy: Yes, and nice music. And then, when the football came on I turned over. Stuart: Terrible, terrible!
Judy: I hate it! I really can't stand it. Stuart: It was a great game! Judy: Yes? Who was playing?
Stuart: England, of course. What did you see then, that was more important than football?
Judy: Foxes. Yes, a good programme on foxes. Yes, they spent ages watching these foxes in a house. They were
watching them all night and these little baby foxes. It was tremendous. Stuart: Yes, sounds all right.
Judy: Yes, it was good—better than football ... and then, then I turned over, back to the other channel to see who
won the football, but I missed it and I just saw the beginning of the news and packed up and went to bed.
Stuart: Well, I'm sorry you missed it. It was a good game. Judy: Who did win?
Stuart: England, of course. Who do you think? Six nil. Yes. Judy: Must have been quite good then!
Stuart: Yes, it was good, actually. It was very good.
Task 3
【答案】
A. 1) b) 2) c)
B. 1) F 2) F 3) F C.
Topic: How the movies are produced
Thesis: There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. Steps: First step—finding a property; two types of properties
1) An original story e.g. Star Wars, Back to the Future, Rocky 2) A property from a novel, play, or musical e.g. The Sound of Music, Tess, The Godfather Second step—writing the script; two options
1) The original writer takes part in the production of the script 2) Directors write the scripts themselves
【原文】
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Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! Let's start this introduction to filmmaking with a simple question: How many of you have seen a movie this week? It doesn't matter if it was at the theater or just on your own TV... Uhhuh, just as I thought, almost all of you have.
Of course, most of us love the movies—the magic, the escape that they provide, but most of us rarely stop to think about the process of making a movie. Just what does it take to get that movie from the idea stage to the final product? What are the decisions that must be made? What problems are encountered? Exactly how does a movie studio go about making a movie? These are precisely the topics that we will be exploring today.
There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. I'll outline them for you.
The first step is rather obvious--to make a film you must have an idea.., a story...some topic for the project. The studio must find a property. That's a key word, folks—property, p-r-o-p-e-r-t-y. You all know the common meaning of this word, of course, but in filmmaking the word \specific meaning. A property is the story on which the movie will be based. Okay, it's the story on which the movie is based. You are probably wondering why we call it a property. Well, it belongs to someone; it is that person's \money.
There are basically two kinds of properties. The first is an original story that has never appeared anywhere before—never been in a book, or magazine, or another film. In other words, the story is intended from the very beginning to be made into a movie.
Star Wars is one good example of this type of property—you do remember that famous science fiction film, don't you? Another example is Back to the Future—oh, and also Rocky. All of these were based on a story written only for the purpose of making a movie.
Actually though, the majority of properties, for famous films at least, come from novels, plays, or musicals that are already published. Examples of this type of property include The Sound of Music, which was originally a play, Tess, a famous novel, and The Godfather, which was also first a novel. Okay, that's step number one—finding a property.
Well, now we have the property. The next step is to prepare a script from that property. This part of the process can take several months or sometimes even a year or more. It's quite a lengthy and time-consuming process. During this time, the scriptwriter, producer, and director usually work very closely with each other.
Recently, there has been a trend to also have the original writer—the original property owner— take part in the production of the script. This means that if the property is taken from a book or play, the original author of the book or play is involved in writing the script. This is a good trend, I think. Who could possibly know the story better or understand it more clearly than its original creator?
Another option, however, is for directors to write scripts themselves. This often occurs because scriptwriters are not only responsible for the dialog, but they also must specify what kind of camera shots they want used. For instance, in all scenes, and especially long scenes that don't have any dialog, the scriptwriter must describe what the camera should focus on, what should be in the center of the shot, what mood the image should present. Directors have much more experience with camera work and often prefer to write the script themselves for this reason. So that's step number two—writing the script.
Task 4
【答案】
A. 1) a) 2) a)
B. 1) F 2) F 3) T C.
Topic: How movies are produced
Thesis: There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. Steps: Third step—casting the film; two types of casting
1) Building the movie around a famous star
Advantages: A famous star is a great asset to the film. It attracts fans automatically. Financial success of the movie depends on how many people come to see it.
Disadvantages: Famous star are very expensive. They take attention away from the story itself. They distract the audience.
2) Casting movies with unknown actors and actresses
Advantages: Movie centers around the story itself. Make the movie more believable. Fourth step—filming the movie; done in two types of places
1) Soundstages—both pictures and dialogs are recorded. 2) Partially filmed on location—in a real setting.
Note: all the scenes with a big star can done first, or all the scenes shot at the same location
can be filmed at the same time. 【原文】
Okay, now the script is finished and approved, and we are ready for the next step—a very critical . kszl
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step indeed—the casting of the film.
The success or failure of a movie can depend on the ability of the actors and actresses to convince us that they really are the characters that they are portraying. The producer and the director must choose the cast very, very carefully. This step of choosing the actors and actresses is called casting. Got it? Casting is choosing the actors and actresses, the cast of the movie.
There are, in general, two types of casting. The first and the most common approach is to build the movie around a famous star. It is obvious that having a well-recognized name in the cast is a great asset to the film. Having someone, like Tom Cruise, Meryl Streep, or Harrison Ford will automatically attract large numbers of their fans to the movie. And of course, the financial success of the movie depends on how many people come to see it.
Now, there is also a second type of casting, and it has worked very well at times. Although it is true that top stars can attract audiences, they are also very, very expensive. With this in mind, some producers and directors cast their movies with unknown actors and actresses, concentrating on who fits the part the best, not who has the biggest name.
Actually, this approach, as I said, can work quite well because sometimes a big star can actually take attention away from the story itself. In other words, the stars distract the audience! The audience focuses on the star, not on the story. One example of this second type of casting is the movie E. T., which is, in fact, one of the most popular movies of all time.
Unknown child actors and actresses were hired and the movie centered around the story itself. The producer and director probably thought that unknown actors would make the movie more believable. A big star might actually hurt that movie. Well, on to the next step.
After the casting has been completed, the fourth step, filming the movie, can begin. Filming any kind of major motion picture usually takes about six to eight months. Now, you might not know this, but filming rarely takes place in the same order as the story. The reason for shooting in a different time order is that all the scenes with a big star can be done first, or all the scenes shot at the same location can be filmed at the same time. So what happens is this: The order scenes are filmed in and the order they appear in the movie are almost always completely different. It would be inconvenient and costs would increase dramatically if scenes were filmed in the order that we see them in the finished movie. The filming itself is done in two types of places. The first is studio buildings called soundstages. They were given this name because both pictures and dialogs are recorded there. These soundstages can be made to appear like almost anything—from a fourteenth-century town to a small hotel room. In addition to soundstages, most movies are partially filmed on location—in a real setting. On location means that the actors, actresses, film crew, and other necessary personnel must travel to a place like, maybe, a South American jungle or downtown Paris, or wherever, for filming certain scenes. This makes the movie more interesting and realistic. Indoor scenes can easily be filmed on a soundstage, but scenes that require extensive use of outdoor scenery or use famous places as backgrounds must be done on location to be realistic.
As you can imagine, the costs of filming on location are enormous. People and equipment must be flown to the place, living accommodations must be found, and food has to be provided for a large number of people. There are lots of practical problems like these. The added realism of filming on location adds a lot of expense to a film.
Task 5
【答案】
2) we never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time 3) We used to enjoy civilized pleasures 4) All our free time is regulated by TV
5) It demands and obtains absolute silence and attention 6) Whole generations are growing up addicted to it 7) It is a universal pacifier
8) rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence 9) vast quantities of creative work
10) they can’t keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well
11) becomes a village, is reduced to preliterate communities, utterly dependent on pictures and the spoken word
12) It encourages passive enjoyment 13) It cuts us off from the real world 14) from communicating with each other
15) how totally irrelevant television is to real living 【原文】
“Yes, but what did we use to do before there was television?” How often we hear statements like this! Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies; we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them; we used to go outside for our . kszl
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amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events. We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the “goggle box”. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything, providing it doesn’t interfere with the programme. The monster demands and obtains absolute silence and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced.
Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost. The telly is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living-room and turning on the set. It doesn’t matter that the children will watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence – so long as they are quiet. There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programmes are so bad: it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programmes, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in preliterate communities. We become utterly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication: pictures and the spoken word.
Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the real world. We get so lazy – we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself. Television may be s splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization. In quiet, natural surroundings, we quickly discover how little we miss the hypnotic tyranny of King Telly.
Task 6
【答案】 A.
1) It came from Alan’s eldest son.
2) Because there were lots of children in a film about gangsters in New York.
3) They visited ordinary schools and stage schools and Christmas shows all over America, and looked for American children in Britain, too. Alan saw about 100 videos of Christmas shows and auditioned over
10,000 children.
4) All the clothes had to be in the right style but in small sizes, even the gangster hats. B. 1) c 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) f 6) d 【原文】
Mike: Welcome to Radio Time, and this month's edition of Film World. I'm very pleased to have Alan
Parker with me for today's program. Alan, you made one of the most famous and popular children's films of all time—Bugsy Malone. Tell me, when did you first think of the idea for Bugsy Malone?
Alan: Well, I have to say that I didn't think of the idea myself. It came from my eldest son. Mike: Ah, so you knew it was a good idea for a children's film.
Alan: Yes. I took the idea and wrote the full story. That was in 1973. Mike: Was it difficult to write?
Alan: No, it was more difficult to get the money to make the film. A lot of people thought it was a
strange idea—lots of children in a film about gangsters in New York. Mike: Is it a true story?
Alan: Not quite. But there were two gangs in New York in 1929, the year of my story. Mike: How did you choose the actors?
Alan: That was a lot of work. We visited ordinary schools and stage schools and Christmas shows all over
America. And we looked for American children in Britain, too. I saw about 100 videos of Christmas shows, and we auditioned over 10,000 children for the cast. Mike: So there was a lot of competition to get a part? Alan: Oh yes, but there always is.
Mike: How long did it take to film Bugsy Malone?
Alan: Eleven weeks. The filming was quite quick in fact. But we had to do a lot of work first. We needed
300 costumes, I remember. And all the clothes had to be in the right style but in small sizes, even the gangster hats.
Task 7
【答案】
A.1)T 2)F 3)T 4)T 5)F 6)F 7)F 8)F B.1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c) 5) b) 6) b) 7) b) 8) c) 【原文】
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Matthew: Television is undoubtedly a great invention, but one of the main criticisms of it is that people
just aren't selective enough. Lesley, you’ve got a television; how do you pick out the sorts of programmes you want to watch?
Lesley: I try and look at the prograxnmes that are on to decide which particular ones interest me,
rather than you turning it on a seven o'clock and you leaving it on until half-past eleven when the programmes finish.
Matthew: Do you think of television though as a great time-waster?
Lesley: Un ...I think it can be a time waster and it depends on how particular people are about…what
you know, what they want to see. Um, it can just be a sort of total amusement for someone and totally consuming without really considering what it is they're watching.
Matthew: Aha, but how do you prevent it coming into your life and taking over your evenings and at the
same time perhaps get…get out of the television some of the sort of best things—best programmes that... that undoubtedly are on television?
Lesley: Well, I suppose one of the problems is...will depend on what a person's life style is, and that if
he has other outside interests which are equally important to him as television, he will then, you know, be more careful about which programmes he wants to watch because he has time which he uses…wants to use for other things.
Matthew: Do you think though that... that in…in a sense television has killed people's own er...sort of ,
creativity or their ability to entertain themselves because…well, if they're bored all they do is just turn on the television?
Lesley: Yes, I think that is a danger, and I think that’s…in fact…is what is happening to a lot of people
who use it as their...their main field of amusement and... because they don't have other outside interests and even when people come round, they'll leave the television on and not be, you know, particularly interested in talking to them. You know the television will be the main thing in the room.
Matthew: Henrietta, would you let your children spend many afternoons and evenings watching
television or would you encourage them to go out and play?
Henrietta: Well, it’s interesting. This... in fact, we really have had a policy of um... almost total
restriction of viewing. I mean, my children are very small, they're four-and-a-half and two-and-a-half, and it's only very recently that we have even got into the habit of watching Playschool. I do tend to... um... I do try to... in fact I succeed in restricting their viewing solely to that and a couple ofprogrammes that follow it, but I don't like to see a child sit with an open mouth in front of a television set hour after hour, but I'm not anti-television at all. I myself watch quite a lot; I watch some comedy, I watch um... serials.., um the recent serialization of Jane Eyre was beautifully done and very interesting. I watch the news avidly.
Matthew: Peter, have you got a television?
Peter: I have, in fact I've got two televisions. Matthew: Do you watch them a lot?
Peter: Er...no I...I watch very seldom. In fact, I find that I watch television most when I'm most when
I'm working hardest and I need some sort of passive way of relaxing, something which requires nothing of me, then I watch television a lot. When I've got more energy left...um ...in my own private time, in my free time, then I find I do more different things. I do things like um reading, or going out, or working on anything…my hobbies.
Matthew: Do you think though that people can live a perfectly happy life if they haven't got a
television?
Peter: Oh, yes, I think people who don't have a television or people who don’t watch television can
be expected to be happier. You can…if they never watch television, you can assume, I think, or you can guess that they are happier people than the people who watch a lot of television, because I think that television goes with the kind of life which leaves you with nothing to spare, nothing left. You have to be given potted, passive entertainment.
Matthew: But in that case you ...you seem as though you're completely against television. Is that true? Peter: No, it's not. I...I have a television, in fact I have two as I said, but I...I ...I think there's a
dilemma, a difficult situation. Television in itself is very good; a lot of the information and a lot of the programmes are very instructive; they introduce you to things you may never have thought of before or never have heard about before. But in watching, it makes you very passive; you sit for hour after hour and you get very receptive and very unquestioning and it seems to me the important thing in life is to be active, to do things, to think things and to be as creative as possible, and television prevents this.
Task 8
【答案】 1) d) 2) d) 3) c) 4) b) 5) a) 【原文】
Michael: I want to do something tonight for a change, let's go out. Brian: All right, let's go to the movies. Jane: In this heat? Are you joking?
Brian: We can go to an outdoor movie. Do you think I'd suggest an indoor one in the middle of the . kszl
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summer in
San Diego?
Michael: I'd rather go out for a meal.
Jane: Yes, that sounds a better idea. The outdoor movies are so uncomfortable.
Brian: Why don't we do both at the same time? We could pick up some take-away food and eat it in the movie.
Michael: That sounds like fun. What a good idea.
Jane: But they never show any good films in the summer. At least not any of the new ones. All you get is the old
classics.
Brian: And what's wrong with them?
Jane: Oh nothing, it's just that we've seen them all half a dozen times. Brian: But that's why they're classics. They're worth seeing again and again.
Michael: You've got a point there, Brian. My main objection to outdoor movies is that you can never hear properly.
You hear all the traffic from outside.
Brian: Well, we can find a foreign film with subtitles; then you don't need to hear the sound. Jane: Supposing it's a musical.
Brian: Oh, trust you to say that! I think it would be fun to sit watching an old film and eating a meal at the same
time.
Jane: Last time I went to an outdoor movie, I bought a bar of chocolate to eat as I went in. It was a horror film
and I was so shocked I just sat there holding my bar of chocolate until the interval when I
found it had
melted in my hand and run all down my dress. That was an expensive evening out.
Michael: Well, we won't go and see a horror film, darling, and take-away meals don't melt.
Task 9
【答案】
1) It is taken from a Greek word and a Latin word.
2) TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs.
3) Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get close-up view of operations.
4) By the mid-1960s, 90 percent of the households in the United States had at least one TV set 5) Communications satellites televise programs “live” from all over the world.
6) By the middle 1960s, the national networks were broadcasting most of their programs in color. 【原文】
Television, or TV, the modern wonder of electronics, brings the world into your own home in sight and sound. The name television comes from the Greek word tele, meaning “far”, and the Latin word videre, meaning “to see”. Thus, television means “seeing far”. In Great Britain, the popular word for television is “telly”.
As an industry, TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs. As an art, television brings the theater and other cultural events into the homes. Its influence on the life of average Americans is calculable: It can influence their thoughts, their likes and dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. It can also add to their store of knowledge. Through advertising television helps businesses and manufacturers sell their products to millions of persons. Television has brought political campaigns closer to the voters than in former days. Educational TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation. Many large schools and universities have “closed—circuit” television equipment that will telecast lectures and demonstrations to hundreds of students in different classrooms; and the lecture can be put on video tape to be kept for later use. Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get close-up view of operations.
In 1946, after World War II, TV began to burst upon the American scene with a speed unforeseen even by the most optimistic leaders of the industry. The novelty of seeing TV pictures in the home caught the public’s fancy and began a revolution in the world of entertainment. By 1950, television had grown into a major part of show business. Many film and stage stars began to perform on TV as television audiences increased. Stations that once telecast for only a few hours a day sometimes telecast around the clock in the 1960s.
With the development of programming also came the introduction of television in full color. By the middle 1960s, the national networks were broadcasting most of their programs in color. The obvious appeal of television, whether in color or black-and-white, can be documented by the increasing number of TV sets in homes around the country. By the mid-1960s, 90 percent of the households in the United States had at least one TV set, and 12 percent had two or more sets. TV had become a part of the daily life of the adults and children of America. The programs that people watch are not only local and national ones. Since the launching of the . kszl
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first communications satellite, more and more programs are televised “live” from all over the world. Television viewers in San Francisco were able to watch the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo by means of a communication satellite named Syncom. The Olympic Games in Mexico City and in Munich, Germany, were also telecast live as were parts of the historic visit of President Nixon to the People’s Republic of China.
It looks as if the uses of television—in education, entertainment, and communication—appear to be endless. Certainly it is one of the major modern wonders of electronics in our changing world.
Task 10
【原文】
Watching television is the most popular leisure-time activity in Britain. Peak viewing time is between 7:30 and 10 o’clock in the evenings.
The two age groups which watch television most are children between 5 and 14 and people over 50. Children aged 5 to 14 watch television on average for 23 hours a week. The over-fifties watch on average for 17 hours a week.
Television is divided between BBC1, BBC2 and the commercial station, ITV. There is no great difference between BBC1 and BBC2 and ITV, but programmes on BBC2 tend to be of a more intellectual or cultural nature.
Programmes before 9 pm are also suitable for children, so programmes with scenes of violence or sex are usually shown after this time. Most viewers in Britain switch off the television after about 10:30 and go to bed. Those who want to stay up can often watch a film or a \famous personality, until 1 am.
However , the most popular programmes of all are the news bulletins.
Unit 4 Task 1 【答案】 A.
1) They are farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh. 2) It’s a farm that grow plants and flowers to sell.
3) They protect the plants from the cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so the plants can be grown all through the year. B.
1) canned, frozen
2) flowers, garden plants, home gardens, yards, window boxes 3) buildings, furniture, firewood 【原文】
Grain, vegetables and fruits are found on most farms. All of them are food for animals and people. Grain can be fed to animals just as it is harvested. But before people use them grains are usually made into flour or breakfast cereal. Bread, macaroni, and cereals all come from grain.
Tomatoes, beans, potatoes, beets, lettuce, carrots and onions are field and garden vegetables. Can you think of any others? Vegetables are good for people and for some animals such as pigs and rabbits.
Farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh are called truck farms. Truck farms are usually close to big cities. Each day hundreds of loads of fresh vegetables are brought to stores on the farmers' trucks. Without the truck farmers people in cities would not eat well. And without city people who eat fresh vegetables, the truck farmers would have no work.
There are many kinds of fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, oranges, grapefruit, and berries are a few kinds. You will be able to think of other kinds that you like. Most fruit is grown on specialized farms. But many general farms have some fruit to use and sell also.
Like vegetables, fruit is sold fresh in markets. But a large part of both fruit and vegetable crops is sent to factories to be canned or frozen.
In warm parts of our country farmers grow cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar cane, and peanuts.
Specialized farms raise flowers and garden plants. They are sold to florists and to families for home gardens, or yards, or window boxes. A farm that grow plants and flowers to sell is called a nursery. Most nurseries have glass buildings, called hothouses or greenhouses. The hothouses are heated to protect the plants from cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so they can be grown all through the
year.
Some farms grow only trees. Some of these are Christmas tree farms. Others are large forests where trees are grown for their wood. The wood is used for buildings, furniture and firewood. Some tree farms grow only nut trees.
Task 2
【答案】 A. Problems Concerned The safety of some pesticides used to kill insects, especially in developing countries: . kszl
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1. poor quality pesticides, which often contain harmful chemicals 2. the poor quality of pesticide containers and product information on the containers Advantages of Pesticides 1. pesticides kill insects and other organisms that threaten arops. 2. pesticides also are used for public health. They control insects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria. Possible Causes of Low Production problems and failure to use the right chemicals. Quality Pesticides B. 1) The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars.
2) The agencies called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health
Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade in pesticides. 【原文】
Two United Nations agencies are expressing concern about the safety of some pesticides used to kill insects. They report that about thirty percent of all pesticides sold in developing countries fail to meet widely accepted rules for quality. They say these products are a serious threat to human health and the environment.
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization gave the warning. In developing countries, pesticides are used mainly for agriculture. Pesticides kill insects and other organisms that threaten crops. Pesticides also are used for public health. They control insects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.
The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars. They say the estimated market value of pesticides worldwide was thirty-two thousand million dollars.
Officials say poor quality pesticides often contain harmful chemicals. These chemicals often are banned or restricted in some countries.
Possible causes of low quality in pesticides include production problems and failure to use the right chemicals. Officials say the active chemicals in many pesticides are stronger than those permitted by many governments. They also say poor quality pesticides may contain poisonous substances or substances that are not pure.
Officials say the quality of pesticide containers and product information on the containers are other concerns. They say information on the containers often fails to explain the active chemicals and how to use the product safely.
The WHO says products listing false information have been sold for years in some areas. The
agencies say the problem of poor quality pesticides is widespread in parts of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. They called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade in pesticides.
Officials say the agencies' rules are especially important for developing countries. They say developing countries often lack systems for testing pesticides.
Task 3
【答案】
A.1) c) 2) d) 3) b) B.
That’s because they’re making an investment all the time, but are still not sure whether or not they can make profits. 【原文】
Interviewer: Cattle raising and beef in the US is big business, isn't it? Bob Beck: Yes, it's the largest business—cattle business. Interviewer: It must be a very profitable business then. Bob Beck: Uh, not necessarily.
Interviewer: It's not necessarily a profitable business?
Bob Beck: At times, it's not profitable. Your production costs get... it's a supply and demand market,
and if your supply is larger than your demand...
Interviewer: So the price is fluctuating all the time...
Bob Beck: Right. It fluctuates, and it can get below production costs.
Interviewer: But you never know. For instance, next year, you don't know what it'll bring on the market. Bob Beck: No, technically it takes a year and a half from the time you breed the cow, until you get the
calf, until the calf's marketable.
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Bob Beck: You've got a year, to a year and a half, tied up there. Interviewer: So, you're making an investment all the time. Bob Beck: Right. So you're not sure.
Interviewer: It sounds like it might be a very insecure kind of existence. Wonder why it is that people . kszl
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want to be farmers or ranchers then...
Bob Beck: I think the majority of it is you like it. It's one thing. It's a breed of people. They like it. If
you don't like what you're doing, why...
Interviewer: What is there about it? You live essentially in a rural area. Doesn't that feeling of isolation
ever bother you?
Bob Beck: No. It's getting too crowded. Interviewer: Too crowded! Bob Beck: Too many people!
Interviewer: I can see that, for instance, in a city, you have restaurants to go to, movie theaters—all
kinds of things
available to people, a lot of conveniences which you don't have in the more rural areas. What do
people who farm and ranch do for recreation and relaxation, for instance... erm...
Bob Beck: Well, I think a lot of it is if you're a livestock raiser, you'll go check your cows in the evening
instead of going to a movie.
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Bob Beck: That's as much recreation as driving through a bunch or cows, and if you like them, you enjoy that.
Interviewer: In terms of the way of life, to a lot of people, it would seem that it's a very hard life. It
means a lot of hard work. I mean, you have a schedule—whether you feel like it or not, you have to get out and feed animals, and so forth. Would you regard that as one of the difficult things about it, or is that...
Bob Beck: No.
Interviewer: …just sort of... part of it?
Bob Beck: For me, if I had to go to a desk every morning, that'd kill me.
Task 4
【答案】
A. paid off, fall back on, a security, operating expenses, complete disaster B.
1) Some of them cook the meals, clean the house and take care of the kids every day.
2) Yes. That is especially so after they've had one or two bad years when they couldn’t make money. 3) When their children are small, they were with their parents to go out to work; when they are very small, Sharon didn’t go out as much as she would later.
4) She thinks that in this way the children are a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work and they learn responsibility. They learn a lot about life by being continually in life with animals. 【原文】
Bob Beck: I think, for a wife, the same as a husband, they like it or they wouldn't marry a farmer or a rancher.
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Bob Beck: They'd get out. I think it's not at all wives. Some of them are just like suburban housewives. Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Bob Beck: They cook the meals, and they clean the house and that's it... take care of the kids... Interviewer: Have you known some situations like that? Bob Beck: Oh, yeah, I know situations like that!
Interviewer: Sharon, is there a problem of the feeling of security?
Sharon Beck: What kind of security are you talking about—financial security?
Interviewer: Uh, yeah, financial security. Uh, the thing is up and down. You don't know what the
market's going to bring, er... for beef. You work all year, and so forth... Is there any problem of that sort?
Sharon Beck: Sure, there's the problem of security. Especially, if you've had one or two bad years. You
feel awfully insecure.
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Sharon Beck: If you've borrowed money to buy a farm or to operate, and there's no money coming in,
you feel awfully insecure.
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Sharon Beck: But if you've got a fairly good amount of your ranch paid off, you've got that to fall back on.
You can always think of that as a security. If everything else fails, if you can’t pay for your operating expenses…
Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Sharon Beck: ...you can always sell your equity in your ranch. So it isn't complete disaster.
Interviewer: But it's not something that bothers you terribly. I mean, it's a fact of life. It's sort of... Sharon Beck: Something you live with, yeah...
Interviewer:... part of the thing. The role of the wife in this situation is quite different than that of a
suburban housewife. You don't have much free time, do you?
Sharon Beck: No.
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Interviewer: Because, essentially, you work in much the same way that your husband does. Sharon Beck: Yes, I'm usually with him.
Interviewer: How do you handle the whole family-life situation—children? You're out almost as much as
a working mother in the city, aren't you?
Sharon Beck: Yes. The only difference is we're together. Interviewer: The children too...?
Sharon Beck: The children too. When they're not in school, when they were small, they were with us.
When they were very small, of course, I didn't go out as much.
Interviewer: Do you feel that there are advantages in growing up in this way?
Sharon Beck: Yeah, I definitely feel that there're advantages. There are disadvantages too, but I think
the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
Interviewer: What are some of those advantages you think the children have? Sharon Beck: The advantages? Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Sharon Beck: Well, they're a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work. Erm, they learn responsibility. Interviewer: Uh-huh.
Sharon Beck: They learn a lot about life by being continually in life, with animals, and... I think it
makes them... erm... They grow up!
Task 5
【答案】 A.
1) 75 percent, half, in the east and south of England, in eastern Scotland, cereals, in hilly areas, on the richer grass of the lowlands 2) 173, 70
3) The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the National Farmers' Union, 2 percent, 25 percent 4) 1973, the European Community B.
1) First, farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. Second, they also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit.
2) Many farmers let farm cottages, offer bed and breakfast to tourists, and grow strawberries in order to gain some extra money.
3) Because the CAP’s set-aside policy is seen as helping farmers ge4t rich for doing nothing.
4) Farmers are often criticized for destroying woods and hedges and for poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals. 【原文】
About 75 percent of Britain is farmed, and British farms supply over half the country's food. Arable farms are mainly in the east and south of England and in eastern Scotland. The main crops are cereals, for example, wheat and barley, and potatoes, sugar beet and oilseed rape. Livestock, mainly sheep and cattle, are reared in hilly areas, though dairy cows are kept on the richer grass of the lowlands. Many cattle farmers have had a difficult time recently because of the BSE crisis. Kent, often called \garden of England\
The average size of a British farm is 173 acres (70 hectares). Most farms are managed like other modern businesses. The word agribusiness describes the commercial aspects of farming. It is also used to refer to all the industries, including farming, which are associated with food production.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food is the government department responsible for agriculture. Farmers' interests are represented by the National Farmers' Union. Agriculture only employs about 2 percent of the British workforce, though this figure rises to 25 percent when food processing industries are included.
In 1973, Britain's entry into the European Community led to many changes in farming. The
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) provides help for farmers through subsidies. Originally, farmers were encouraged to produce as much as they could, and any surplus was put into storage. The cost of this policy was passed on to customers, who had to pay higher prices for food. Many people are still unhappy about the CAP. Farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. They also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit. In recent years many farmers have tried to find additional ways of making money, e.g. by letting farm cottages, offering bed and breakfast to tourists, or by growing strawberries.
But farmers do not get much sympathy from other people, mainly because of the money they receive in subsidies. The CAP’s set-aside policy, which pays farmers to leave some fields uncultivated, is seen by some people as helping farmers get rich for doing nothing. Farmers are sometimes called \poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Some farmers practise organic fanning without chemicals, but, although people approve of this, most are unwilling to pay higher prices for organic produce. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals: In battery farming, for . kszl
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instance, chickens are reared in crowded cages.
Task 6
【答案】 A.
1) over 22 million, about 2.5 percent, in the 1950s, in the 1980s, 470, 190, 174 ,70, 1940, 1996, $51 billion
2) 36 percent, 47 percent
3) $200 billion, $60 billion-worth B.
1) Midwest, corn, soybeans
2) Canada, southern Texas on the eastern side 3) the Great Lakes
4) Florida, Southern California and Hawaii 5) the southeast C.
1) The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying subsidies to farmers for them not to grow certain crops.
2) It will gradually end these subsidies and give farmers more freedom to respond to public demand and grow what they want.
3) The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy.
4) They think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost. 【原文】
Agribusiness in the United States employs more people than any other industry, over 22 million, but only about 2.5 percent of the American workforce are farmers. Many people got into debt and left their farms in the 1950s, and in the 1980s many more farmers sold out and moved to the cities. The average size of a farm is now 470 acres (190 hectares), compared with 174 acres (70 hectares) in 1940. In 1996 farm income was more than $51 billion, the highest ever, but despite this many farmers had large debts.
Many farmers live in the Corn Belt of the Midwest where corn and soybeans are grown. The US grows 36 percent of the world's corn and 47 percent of its soybeans. Others live on the prairies of the Great Plains, in what is known as the Wheat Belt, which stretches from Canada to southern Texas on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Most livestock farmers live around the Great Lakes in the Dairy Belt, or further south in states like Texas where cattle are bred for meat on ranches. In the South many live in the Cotton Belt. Citrus fruits, such as oranges, are grown in Florida, Southern California and Hawaii, and tobacco is grown in the southeast. In 1996 the total value of agricultural products was $200 billion, of which $60 billion-worth, mostly grain and soybeans, was exported. Farmers and ranchers are usually well respected by other people.
The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying
subsidies (in this case, money for not growing certain crops) to farmers, though in 1996 Congress passed a \respond to public demand and grow what they want.
Farmers are represented by the American Farm Bureau Federation and county farm organizations called Farm Bureaus. The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy. Agricultural colleges attached to universities are highly respected. Extension officers act as a link between research departments and farmers.
As in Britain, many people in the United States think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost.
Task 7
【答案】 A. Agroecology The Green Revolution Land used Use less land and grow Use land intensively and grow the same more kinds of plant. crop on the same land year after year. Fertilizer used The way to water crops The method to control pests B. . kszl
Use organic materials and Use chemical fertilizer. compost Reduce the need for Use irrigation intensively. irrigation. Use helpful insects to kill Use insecticides. harmful ones. .
1) Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity,
2) Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.
3) Because irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas.
4) Pesticides do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals. 【原文】
Agroecology is a field of ideas about how to farm productively while also protecting natural resources. It is seen in many ways as an answer to the Green Revolution that has given us modem farming methods.
Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity, but they work toward this common goal in different ways. Many agroecologists question how long modem farming methods can continue.
Modem farming uses land intensively. Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.
Another issue is fertilizer. Agroecologists say they would use organic materials and compost in place of chemicals. The Green Revolution has shown that chemical fertilizer can greatly increase crop productivity, but it can also pollute water supplies.
To water crops, agroecologists say they would use methods that reduce the need for irrigation. Irrigation is an ancient idea. Water is drawn up from the ground or brought from another place.
Irrigated crops are highly productive: 16 percent of all farmland in the world is irrigated, but this 16 percent of the farmland produces 40 percent of all food. Yet irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas.
To control pests, agroecologists say they would use helpful insects to kill harmful ones. In the last 50 years, however, farmers have increased the use of insecticides. These chemical poisons do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals.
Task 8
【原文】
Farming changed very little from early times until about 1700. In the 1700s an agricultural
revolution took place which led to a large increase in the production of crops. This increase of crops came about in a large part by little more than the final destruction of medieval institutions and the more general adoption of techniques and crops which had been known for a long time. Included in some of these changes was also the adoption of crops from the \produced a very large yield.
In the 1850s, the industrial revolution spilled over to the farm with new mechanized methods
which increased production rates. Early on, the large changes were in the use of new farm implements. Most of these early implements were still powered by horses or oxen. These new implements combined with crop rotation, manure and better soil preparation led to a steady increase of crop yield in Europe.
The advent of steam power and later gas powered engines brought a whole new dimension to the production of crops. Yet, even as recently as 100 years ago, four fifths of the world population lived outside towns and were in some way dependant on agriculture.
Unit 5 Task 1
【答案】 A.
1) More than 38 million people
2) Ms. Stanecki is an UN AIDS Senior Adviser. She says that some of the fastest growing epidemics can found in Asia.
3) Intravenous drug use.
4) Anti-AIDS drags are widely available there. This has made some people pay less attention to the danger of becoming infected with HIV. B. 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) T
C. worsening, five million, Africa, 25 million, one million, increase, political and financial, have access,
one in five, more than half 【原文】
A new report by the UN AIDS organizations finds the global AIDS epidemic is worsening. The agency says more people in all regions around the world are becoming infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS.
UN AIDS reports that significant progress has been made in providing treatment for larger numbers of AIDS victims and in achieving greater political and financial commitments in the fight against the fatal disease. Despite this, the report says none of these efforts has been enough to prevent the spread . kszl
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of HIV/AIDS.
Last year, the report notes five million people became newly infected with HIV. That is more people than any previous year. Currently, it says, more than 38 million people are living with the disease.
UN AIDS Senior Adviser Karen Stanecki says Asia, with 60 percent of the world's population, is home to some of the fastest growing epidemics in the world. In 2003 alone, she says, more than one million people became infected with HIV. “Equally alarming, we have only just begun to witness the full impact of AIDS on African societies as infections continue to grow and people are dying in large numbers. The scale of the problem in Africa is well documented, with over 25 million infections. If we don’t act now, 60 percent of today’s 15-year-olds will not reach their 60th birthday.” The report says the Caribbean is the hardest hit region in the world after Africa. It also finds the HIV/AIDS epidemic is continuing to expand in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, mainly due to intravenous drug users.
UN AIDS says infections also are on the rise in the United States and Western Europe. It blames this largely on the widespread availability of anti-AIDS drags, which it says has made some people in these wealthy countries complacent.
UN AIDS Director of Monitoring and Evaluation, Paul De Lay, acknowledges that around the world prevention programs are reaching fewer than one in five people who need them. Nevertheless, he says there has been a dramatic increase in prevention activities for young people and several other successes as well.
\secondary schools. That is a huge increase from the late 1990s. In highly vulnerable groups like sex workers, we are seeing a real success story in Africa. 32 percent of sex workers that are identified have access to HIV prevention and there is a large increase in condom use in this population.\
The report says global spending on AIDS has increased greatly, but, more is needed. It estimates $12 billion will be needed by next year, and $20 billion by 2007, for prevention and care in developing countries. The United Nations says AIDS funding has increased sharply in recent years, in part due to the US government's global AIDS initiative. But it says still globally less than half the money needed is being provided.
Task 2
【答案】 A.
1) 40,000, addicted, nature, nurture 2) won’t, addict, prone 3) genetic, fixed, fated 4) regulations, implications B. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a) C.
1) Human genes are all under close study in laboratories.
2) It implies that insurance companies or employers might take advantage and discriminate against those who have been identified as being at high risk. 【原文】
Mary Gearin: Welcome to the lab. Like it or not, we're all in the Petri dish now as more scientists than
ever look for the cause of our habits lying hidden in our genes.
Dr. Whitfield: The advances in DNA technology mean that techniques can be applied to this type of
research which weren't possible before and which give the prospect of what you might call an explosion in outcomes in actual findings that we can use.
Mary Gearin: It's a detective story with an unknown number of villains. We haven't established how
many of our 40,000 genes may leave us more likely to be addicted, but some scientists do believe they've confirmed a layperson's principle—that we're about half nature, half nurture.
Dr. Whitfield: The conclusion at the moment is that genetics accounts for about half the variation in
liability to a number of kinds of addiction and that environmental influences, or just the random things that happen to us as we go through life, account for the other half.
Mary Gearin: Of course, genes won't determine who will or won't become an addict, only those who are
more prone to becoming one. Listen to a reformed smoker and a leading researcher in the field, Wayne Hall.
Wayne Hall: I think we really do have a task in front of us to educate people that “genetic” doesn’t
mean fixed, immutable, unchangeable, fated. It still leaves plenty of room for human decision, choice and capacity to influence and change behaviour.
Mary Gearin: Wayne Hall is pushing for regulations to deal with the ethical implications that have
inevitably surfaced.
Wayne Hall: If we were able to identify people in advance as being at high risk because they possessed
a set of genes, then that might have adverse effects on them in terms of the way others in their social environment treat them. It might have effects if insurance companies take account of that information or employers and so on. . kszl
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Mary Gearin: But would addicts take any more responsibility for their own actions? Our distinctly
unscientific sample of smokers told us: not really. If a test came out, would you have yourself tested to see if you had that gene? Julie: Honestly, probably not.
Mary Gearin: Would you want your kids to take that test to perhaps ware them off smoking if they had
that gene as well?
John Mackay: Only if they become problem smokers I'd probably suggest it, yeah. Otherwise I wouldn't
worry about it.
Task 3
【答案】
A. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) B.
[√] 2. [√] 3. [√] 5. [√] 7. [√] 9. [√] 10. [√] 12. [√] 13. C.
1) elementary school teacher, frustrations, peers, taught, learnt 2) high EQ, adults, children 【原文】
Claire Nolan: Hi. This is Claire Nolan.
Bill Rodney: Any I’m Bill Rodney. Today we’ll be discussing EQ—not IQ. EQ: emotional intelligence.
We've been hearing a lot about EQ lately, and in fact you might have seen Daniel Goleman's best-selling book about it in the bookstore. Your emotional intelligence quotient seems to include both intra- and interpersonal relationships—in other words, how well you handle your own emotions, and how well you respond to others.
Claire Nolan: Yes, but Bill, that's not exactly a new idea, is it? I mean—I know a lot of old proverbs about
thinking before you act, and that kind of thing.
Bill Rodney: That's true, but the term itself is a new one, and it shows that people have realized, the
way you control your feelings is just as important as your education—maybe even more important. But what's really interesting and the focus of today's session is: Can you learn EQ? We'll be talking to three people today—all educators, in their own way—to get their perspective on it. Our first guest is Betty Cortina. Betty, you're an elementary school teacher. Do you really think that some kids have higher EQ's than others?
Betty Cortina: Oh sure! Even at five or six years old, some of the kids tend to be much more patient and
easy-going than others. And then others are prone to shout and make a big fuss. I mean, I don't want to make it sound as if it's bad to be spirited, or anything, but if you can't control your emotions, even at that age, you can have a lot of problems.
Bill Rodney: Like what?
Betty Cortina: Well, if you can't deal with setbacks, you don't make progress; and if you're always
impatient, your peers don't like you.
Bill Rodney: Can you give us an example?
Betty Corrina: Sure. One example is how kids deal with frustration. Imagine a child who is having
trouble doing a math problem. She gets frustrated with the problem, throws her pencil down, yells angrily, \might be able to handle the situation better. She might try different ways to approach the problem, or ask for help, and so on. And she will be more successful because she won't let her negative feelings get in the way of her task.
Bill Rodney: I guess I can understand that, but my question is: Can you learn to have a higher EQ? Let’s
see, our next guest is Jim McDonald. Do you want to respond to that question?
Jim McDonald: Yes. Well, as you know, I run management training programs for a bank here in the city,
and I agree this EQ idea is definitely important. Let’s face it: When the going gets tough, it’s much better for an employee to have a positive, enthusiastic attitude than to dwell on failures. But what I find is that some people just take life in stride and other people don't. I mean, of course you can point them in the right direction—that's what I try to do in my seminars—but some people never learn to improve their EQ.
Betty Cortina: No, I disagree. Kids can be taught to have patience and not to give up when things go
wrong. They learn to respond well to their emotions. They learn how to sit still and listen, and how to respect others. And I don't believe we are born with a high emotional intelligence quotient. I think we have to learn those skills.
Jim McDonald: Okay, so maybe you can teach children, but frankly, I don't see how adults can ever . kszl
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change. I mean, I work with a lot of managers, and the good ones are sharp, perceptive people who respond well to change. I don't think the others can learn that.
Bill Rodney: Why not?
Jim McDonald: Well, part of the problem is that people with a low EQ have a difficult time seeing how
their behavior affects other people. They see no reason to change. Their behavior has negative effects—for themselves and for others—but they don't see it that way. They tend to blame other people for the problems they are having. People like this just don’t work well with other people. I’d say they have a lower EQ and they’ll probably never adjust their behavior.
Task 4
【答案】 A.
1) Marriage counsel/Psychologist. 2) Yes.
3) With help, he learned to see that his wife’s success was also his success instead of his failure. B.
1) T 2) F 3) T 【原文】
Bill Rodney: Our third guest, Ian Davis, is a marriage counselor. Ian, from the perspective of a marriage
counselor, can adults change their EQ's?
Ian Davis: Yes. I am a psychologist and I work with couples, married couples, who are having problems.
From what I can see, some people, adults, I mean, can change their EQ's.
Bill Rodney: How so?
Ian Davis: Well, I think that the key to keeping a relationship together is learning to empathize with your partner.
Bill Rodney: Did you say \
lan Davis: Yes, it's crucial. Couples who have successful relationships try hard to understand each
other's feelings. First, you have to put yourself in your partner's shoes. That makes it easier for you to make allowances for your partner's weaknesses. You have to learn to control your reactions even when you feel angry or resentful.
Bill Rodney: So you're saying people can learn those things? Don't you think that, as Jim said, some
people have it and some don't?
Ian Davis: No, I disagree strongly with what he said. I do see people change. If I didn't think people
could change, I'd be in a different line of work!
Bill Rodney: I'm not quite sure I understand what you're saying. Tell us about someone you've seen
acquire a higher EQ.
Ian Davis: Well, let me tell you about a case I saw recently. I had some clients, a husband and wife, a
few months ago, and the wife had gotten a promotion at work. Now the husband was happy for her, of course, but he also felt a bit jealous. He felt like a failure because he hadn’t gotten a promotion at his job.
Bill Rodney: So what happened to them?
Ian Davis: Well, the husband had to learn to swallow his pride and put aside his negative feeling. I
told him to concentrate on the good thing that had happened to his wife instead of thinking about himself. With practice, he was able to see that her success was also his success, not his failure. I really think he raised his own EQ by doing that.
Bill Rodney: Thank you, Ian. And I’ll remember to keep EQ in mind. Maybe I can get a little better it!
And thank you, Betty and Jim, for joining us today.
Task 5
【答案】 A. Shelley Travers Linda Jenkins Ray Ishwood What medical problem did Backache Wart Arthritis he/she have? How did the doctor treat Giving her tests him/her? Was the experience No satisfactory? Did the patient get better Yes later? What was/might be the Hard desk chair cause of the problem? Recommending operation No Yes Stress an Giving him injections No Yes Cold and weather rainy . kszl
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B.
1) He should have asked some questions, like what kind of work she did, or how long she spent at the computer every day. 2) Acupuncture.
3) They have to be more careful before they recommend operations. 4) He tends to get better when it’s warmer. C.
Column 1 Column 2
Linda Jenkins Atlanda, Georgia Shelley Travers Eugene, Oregon Ray Ishwood New York City 【原文】
Bill: Good morning, everyone. This is Bill and the show is Body Talk. Today's topic is problems with
doctors. Now, who hasn't had a problem with a doctor? Call in and tell us yours. Our number is 1-800-555-BODY. That didn't take long…here's our first caller now. Hello, this is Bill and you're on Body Talk!
Shelley Travers: Morning, Bill. This is Shelley Travers, calling from New York City. Thanks for taking my
call. I just want to say how important I think it really is for a doctor to listen to a patient.
Bill: Tell me about it! So, Shelley, what happened to you?
Shelley Travers: Well, I was getting these really bad, shooting pains in my back. I couldn't sleep at night
or anything. So I went to my doctor, and he examined me and had me do all these tests and things. And I even had to go into the hospital for some X-rays. But after all that—I mean, I took off a lot of time from work—they told me there was nothing wrong with me. I was thinking about trying alternative medicine and going to a chiropractor when a co-worker... I'm a secretary...
Bill: What was that, Shelley? I didn't catch all of what you said. You mean, you were in
serious pain.., the doctor's tests didn't show anything…you were going to go to a chiropractor...
Shelley Travers: Well, yes, that's right. Awful, right? But a co-worker said, \
too hard. If you sat on a soft cushion that might make your back feel better.\she was totally right. So then I felt really mad, because, I mean, I had taken all that time from work to see the doctor, but all I really needed was a cushion!
Bill: So, your doctor hadn't really listened and asked the right questions, right, Shelley?
Shelley Travers: Yeah, that's right. He never asked me what kind of work I did, or how long I spent at the
computer every day. If he had asked some questions, he probably wouldn't have sent me for all those tests!
Bill: Sure sounds like your doctor wasn't much help. But, I'm glad the cushion worked. Thanks,
Shelley. Bye, now. Hi, Bill here. You're on Body Talk.
Linda Jenkins: Hi there, Bill. My name is Linda Jenkins, and I’m calling from Atlanta, Georgia. I want to
tell you what happened to me… It’s kind of embarrassing though… Bill: Ah, go ahead. Linda, Don't be embarrassed. We're listening
Linda Jenkins: Well... ah... Okay. I had this big wart on my foot. It got so bad that I could hardly...
Bill: Sorry to interrupt you, Linda. What did you say?
Linda Jenkins: A wart, you know, a hard lump. Kids get them on their hands all the time, but I got one
on the bottom of my left foot. So, my doctor said I'd probably need an operation to remove it. Burn it off, or something. He really scared me! Bill: So, you were scared, but did you take his advice?
Linda Jenkins: No, actually, I didn't. But I was just desperate, because, you know, I could hardly walk.
So, I decided to try acupuncture.
Bill: Wait a minute. I didn't catch that. What did you say?
Linda Jenkins: I tried acupuncture—I went to an acupuncturist. And you know, she really listened to
me and got me to change my diet and get more rest. She said the wart was probably a reaction to stress. I had been working late a lot. Eventually, the wart cleared up. I really think that doctors have to be more careful before they recommend operations. Sometimes there's a much simpler treatment. I mean, if doctors put themselves in their patients' shoes, they might not be so quick to start cutting!
Bill: You know, Linda, you're absolutely right! I couldn't agree with you more! Thanks for
sharing your story with us. Good-bye, and good luck! Hello, you're on Body Talk.
Ray Ishwood: Hello, Bill. Ray Ishwood, calling from Eugene, Oregon.
Bill: How are you doing, Ray?
Ray Ishwood: Fine, Bill. Ah, well.., here's my story. For several years, I've had arthritis in my hands and
wrists. This winter—it was so cold and rainy—the pain got really bad. My doctor gave me a series of injections, really painful, to my hands. He said that in a few weeks I would feel better.
Bill: Well, did you? Did those painful shots help? . kszl
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Ray Ishwood: Well... I don't really know... I mean, I'm feeling a lot better now, but I think it's because
of the warmer weather. I tend to get worse when it's cold and rainy outside. So, I don't think that the shots were that much help. And they were very painful. I just don't want to continue with them if they don't really make much of a difference.
Bill: You're probably right, Ray. Well, I'm glad you're feeling better, and thanks for calling
Body Talk.
Task 6
【答案】
A. 1) c) 2) b)
B. veracts, immune system, reaction, the sting, blood pressure, breathe, medicine C. A. immune system,
B. red, itchy eyes, runny nose, difficult breathing C. 1. Normal 2. Allergic 【原文】
Today I think we are ready to start talking about allergies, and about allergic reactions. In the first part of my lecture, I'm going to explain what an allergic reaction is. Then I will try to describe what an allergic reaction to a bee sting is like. In the second part of my lecture, I'm going to talk about allergy testing and allergy shots. I'll explain one way the testing is done. I'll also tell you how and why allergy shots are given. That's a lot to cover, so let's begin.
What is an allergic reaction? Well, an allergic reaction is really an action of the immune system in the body—an action of the immune system in your body. The immune system's job is to protect you, to make antibodies to protect you from things that are dangerous to your health. In an allergic reaction, however, your body makes antibodies to something that isn't really a problem for the body— that is, it's not usually a problem for someone without an allergy. For example, milk and cats’ hair and dust are usually not dangerous to humans. But, for some reason, your body might produce antibodies to milk or to cats' hair or to dust. Your body is trying to protect you from these things.
When the immune system does this, it is, in a sense, working too hard. The result is a fight. The fight is between your antibodies and the milk you drank or the cat hair or the dust you breathed in. You know your body is having a fight because you sneeze, or you have red, itchy eyes and a runny nose, or you feel tired, or you may have difficulty breathing. These are some of the common signs of an allergy. Now let's turn our attention to one specific allergic reaction. Let's look at what happens with a bee sting. Anyone who gets a bee sting will have some reaction. A normal reaction is pain and swelling and redness where the sting is. This type of reaction is also called a local reaction because the reaction is only in the location, the place, where the sting is.
In contrast, an allergic reaction to a bee sting is a much stronger reaction. It is a general reaction that affects the whole body. This general reaction is called an anaphylactic reaction, a-n-a-p-h-y-l-a-c-t-i-c. This is shown in the figure on page 76, so take a look at the figure. In this kind of reaction, several things happen. There is pain and swelling, but it is all over the body, not just where the sting is. The person's legs, arms, feet, and face usually itch and turn red. It often becomes difficult for the person to breathe. The person can also become weak and confused. The blood pressure may drop. For some people, these reactions may continue for hours unless some medicine is given. In fact, the person can die if he or she isn't given medicine to stop the reaction.
Task 7
【答案】
A. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F
B. definition, prevention, an unusual, antibodies, symptoms, Untreated, death, the thing, an allergic reaction
C. under the skin, red bump, less sensitive, several times 【原文】
Now, if you are allergic to something, it's important to know how to prevent these reactions. One question is: How do people know if they are allergic to something, say, if they are allergic to bee stings? One way to find out is to have an allergy test. One type of test is a skin test. To do the test, the doctor injects a small amount of the venom, the poison from the bee, under the skin. You can see this in the left hand figure on page 77. Then, the doctor watches closely to see what happens. The doctor pays attention to two things: the color of the skin and the size of the bump on the skin. This is shown in the right hand figure on the same page. If the skin reacts strongly—in other words, if the bump is big and very red—this means the person is very allergic. If the skin only changes a little, the person is only slightly allergic. If the skin doesn't change, this usually means the person isn't allergic.
If the doctor finds out the person is allergic to bees, or bee stings, allergy shots are often recommended. In the allergy shots, the doctor uses a small amount of bee venom. The doctor does this to make the person less sensitive to the venom, in other words, to build up the person's immunity to the venom. This is similar to what doctors do when they give children shots against childhood diseases like measles.
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Each visit, the doctor increases the amount of venom in the shot. The doctor starts off with a very small amount of venom and uses slightly more each time. Increasing the amount builds up immunity to the venom. This immunity will not protect the person from a bee sting, of course. If the person gets stung, he or she will still get a local reaction, but will not have an allergic reaction. Okay, so that's basically how the allergy shots work.
To sum up the main points of our talk today, let's recall what an allergic reaction is and how allergic reactions can be prevented. Remember that an allergic reaction is an unusual reaction to something that doesn't normally affect people. In an allergic reaction, for example, to a bee sting, the body keeps producing antibodies and the person can have an anaphylactic reaction. This can be very serious, and the person may even die if he or she isn't given medicine. Allergy shots help you to prevent an allergic reaction. They help make someone less sensitive to the thing that causes the allergy, such as the bee venom.
Okay, well, if can remember these points, I think that's all for today.
Task 8
【原文】
Want your kids to eat healthy? Check your own diet. The more fruit and vegetables Mom and Dad eat, the more Junior is likely to consume, according to a study of two-to-six-year-olds at London's University College. And youngsters who were introduced to these foods earlier tended to reach for them more often. Those who had been breast-fed ate fruit and vegetables more frequently than bottle-fed kids. The likely reason? Breast milk takes on the flavours of the food Mom eats.
Speaking of milk, researchers found that girls who met calcium requirements had mothers who drank more milk. Moreover, those who got at least the minimum recommended amount of calcium at age five (800 mg daily) were nearly five times as likely to so at age nine (1,300 mg daily).
Unit 6 Task 1
【答案】 A.
In the five short advertisements, sofa beds, a women’s magazine, a car buyer’s magazine, a kind of soap and a radio programme on music are advertised. B. 1) a) 2) c) 3) b) 4) d) 5) c) C. 1) T 2) F 3) F 【原文】
1) At Simply Sofabeds at Notting Hill Gate we're lowering our prices—for Christmas. Masses of sofa beds for immediate delivery. We're open six days a week, with viewing on Sunday. So celebrate Christmas early this year with a Simply Sofabeds sofa bed at a price that's right. Simply Sofabeds!
2) Could there really be a woman's magazine that's different? Yes. It's called Prima. It's packed with news, opinion, fashion and once again there's a free giant pull-out section with clothes to make, crafts to create, beautiful sweaters to knit. Get your second, value-packed issue of Prima!
3) Car Buyer magazine. Every Thursday. It gives you a choice of more new and used cars than all of your local papers put together—and for less. Car Buyer for car buyers. At your newsagent's now.
4) Girls! Sensitive skin really does need more sensitive care. And I take special care of my sensitive skin with Cuticura soap. Because Cuticura soap contains a medicated ingredient which cleans your skin without leaving it dry or tight. Cuticura medicated soap. From chemists everywhere.
5) Hello. This is Bob Harris inviting you to join me this Friday and every Friday evening for the LBC \Review\I play the best of the recent releases, review the British and the American charts, play classic music by the big stars and new tracks by the names of tomorrow. So it's a real mix of different styles and I'm sure you'll love the music. I'd certainly love to have your company. This Friday evening at half past nine. Right here on LBC.
Task 2
【答案】 A. Effects You may do one of these things when sunbathing: of 1. You don’t use any suntan oil. Bergasol 2. You use an ordinary suntan oil. 3. You use Bergasol. Different results of different acts: 1. You skin may burn terribly if the sunshine is stronger than you’re used to. 2. Your skin may not get burned, but you won’t get a good tan, either. 3. Your skin is protected while it gets a tan quickly. . kszl
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How does Bergasol work? The oil in Bergasol fruit activities cells in the skin that produce melanin, the element that gives the skin the natural dark color. Price of Bergasol More expensive than ordinary suntan oil Reason: The special formulations in Bergasol isn’t cheap to prepare. B. 1) b) 2) b) 【原文】
When you stretch out in the sun you can do one of these three things.
You can use no suntan oil. You can use an ordinary suntan oil. Or you can use Bergasol.
If you don't use any suntan oil at all when you're in the sun that is stronger than you're used to, you will bum surprisingly quickly.
If you use an ordinary suntan oil you will protect your skin to a lesser or greater degree. How much depends on the \sun's rays you can stay in the sun all day without burning—but you won't go very brown, either.
Bergasol will protect your skin like an ordinary suntan oil. But Bergasol oil also has a tan accelerator which comes from the oil of the bergamot fruit.
It speeds up the rate at which the sun activates the skin cells that produce melanin. And it is melanin which gives the skin its brown color.
So when you use Bergasol suntan oil you go brown faster, and as the days pass the difference will become more and more obvious.
Unfortunately this special formula isn't cheap. So Bergasol is rather more expensive than ordinary suntan oil.
However the price looks more attractive as you do.
Task 3
【答案】
A.1) b) 2) c) 3) a) 4) a) 5) d) B.1) F 2) T 3) F 【原文】
The insane laughter faded away behind me. To one side of the clearing sat a deserted house, as derelict and forgotten as the people who once lived there.
The door opened, and I was in the front room, a room so dark I felt I could reach out and run my fingers through its inky stillness.
From outside the window came the sounds of the night. Owls. Crickets. And from across the room.., drip, drip, drip.
My eyes, adjusting to the light, made out what appeared to be a coat hanging from a hat rack, but as the haze dissolved I saw that from the neck of the coat stared the lifeless face of Kuperman, his eyes frozen in horror. A shrieking laugh, as inescapable as a nightmare, rang out around me.
My heart, already shaking in the cage of my chest, exploded as a hand fell upon my shoulder. \ \.
Task 4
【答案】 A.
TV Advertisements in Britain Where do we see TV You don’t see TV advertisements You see TV advertisements on ITV, advertisements in on the BBC, which stands for the which stands for Independent Britain? Britain Broadcasting Corporation, Television, because it is private and because it is a public corporation relies on the advertisements for its and relies on the license fees for its income. income. What do people think of Not very subtle. Some people go and make a cup of tea or walk their dog the TV advertisements when advertisements come on TV. in Britain? TV Programmes in Britain What are people’s opinions of Foreigners are supposed to say There are some awful TV the TV programmes in Britain? that they are wonderful, but programmes, but some are quite this is only the story invented by good. the BBC. . kszl
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Why do people prefer to see 1. films on TV? 2. 3. It costs nothing to watch TV while it costs a lot if you go to a cinema. It saves you the trouble of going to the cinema. The films you see on TV are old ones, while those shown in cinemas tend to be new ones. What are the pros and cons of Pros Cons: watching football matches on 1. A better view of the game 1. You can’t fully enjoy the TV? 2. The comfort of staying at real atmosphere. home 2. You don’t feel like a part of the real event. B. 1) T 2) T 【原文】
Bob: You are not still watching television, are you?
Andre: Yes, I am. I enjoy it. The camera work was very good. It looked like the work of real experts. Er...
do you know the history of television in Britain? Bob: Oh, television came to Britain in the year 1936. Andre: Ah!
Bob: Only in the London area at that time, though. There wasn't any television during the Second
World War. It was started up again afterwards. The BBC was the organization responsible for it. Andre: What do the initials BBC stand for?
Bob: The British Broadcasting Corporation. It's a public corporation. It isn't controlled by the
government, but it's not a private company either. That means that the government can't use the BBC for propaganda purposes, and nor can private individuals or firms. Andre: Is advertising allowed on the BBC?
Bob: No, though some satellite channels get more autonomy. ITV gets its money from advertising, though. Andre: ITV?
Bob: ITV stands for Independent Television. It was started in 1954—again in the London area. It
covers the whole country now, though. Andre: Why does everything start in London?
Bob: Well... it's the capital after all—and the largest centre of population. If you start up a public
service—like TV—there, it gets to as many people as possible to start with. Andre: What do people think of the advertisements on television?
Bob: It depends. A lot of people think it's a good idea because it means that television can pay its
way—ITV gets all its money from advertisements. Andre: What about the BBC?
Bob: You have to buy a TV license and that money goes to the BBC. A lot of people don't like having to
pay and wish that there were advertisements on the BBC too. On the other hand, other people hate TV advertising because they think it's an insult to their intelligence. Andre: Mm. The advertisements are very subtle, then?
Bob: Well... some aren't, anyway. Lots of people go to the kitchen to make a cup of tea when the
adverts are on... or take their dog for a walk.
Andre: I see. What do you think of your television programmes? Do you like watching them? The
programme we've just seen was okay, but what about television in general? Bob: Well, you know how you foreigners say our policemen are wonderful? It's... Andre: Do they? I didn't know they did.
Bob: American tourists are supposed to say that, anyway. Well, as I was going to say, people from
overseas are supposed to say that sort of thing about our television as well. Personally, I think the BBC has invented that story. There are some pretty awful programmes on TV, but some are quite good.
Andre: What sort of things do you watch yourself?
Bob: I watch mainly news programmes. And I like old films, too.
Andre: Old films? I don't see how you can criticize television if you just watch old films. You might just
as well go to the cinema.
Bob: Oh—not on your life, the cinema costs money. Besides, it's a lot more trouble going out than
staying at home. And I like old films, not new ones. There are a lot of other people like me, too. Andre: Mm, reasonable enough, I suppose.
Bob: And it's not just films that people would rather watch on TV. Fewer people go to football
matches nowadays, for instance. They prefer to watch them on TV. Andre: Surely it's not as good on television as it is in real life?
Bob: Oh, you lose a bit of the atmosphere, of course, and you don't feel part of the occasion in the
same way as you do when you're actually there. But you get a much better view of the game on television, and you don't have to move from your armchair. Andre: Ah... well, thank you very much. What's on next?
Bob: Oh, my goodness. Some people don't ever do anything but watch television and ask questions!
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Task 5
【答案】 A.
1) b a d c 2) c b d a 3) a d b c 4) b a c d B.
certain changes were to be made in the office and some workers would probably be moved to other positions, see if there were any chance for her, she was moved to a higher position, find a job fro herself, became the person advertising jobs for others C.
frowned, was amazed, was more alarmed and seriously worried 【原文】
Cecilia was reading the details of a job that was being advertised.
\are invited for the post of Personal Assistant to the Manager of this large London export firm. Candidates should be experienced in all branches of office work and should be qualified in shorthand and typewriting. The successful candidate must be prepared to work alone and will be expected to travel.
\person appointed will be asked to join the company's insurance scheme and will be permitted to use a company car. Three weeks' annual paid holiday will be allowed. Salary will be calculated according to experience.
\weeks. An interview will be held in London and candidates will be called for interview before the end of this month. Travel expenses for candidates coming from outside London can be claimed at the time of interview.\
Jason arrived home and looked over Cecilia's shoulder. \certain changes are going to be made in the office and that some of us are going to be moved. And since we might be put anywhere, I thought I'd find out what jobs were being publicized.\
The following evening when Jason came home he found Cecilia sitting at the table which was covered with papers advertising many different jobs. Over her shoulder he read:
\. Applicants should be experienced and prepared to work late hours. A good salary will be paid monthly into a bank for the right candidate. The successful applicant will be appointed for two years in the first case. Application forms, which should be sent in before July 31st, may be obtained from the address below.\ Jason frowned and turned to the next advertisement, which read:
\emporary typists will be needed during the next six months for several departments. Applicants should be trained and qualified. Inexperienced typists may be appointed but must be prepared to be trained. Application forms, obtainable from the address below, should be filled in by each applicant in her own handwriting and returned before July 31st. All applicants will be interviewed...\ Amazed, Jason glanced from paper to paper, becoming more alarmed as he read:
\medical examination…salary will be paid weekly…ladders and other equipment will be provided…applications should be received before July 31st...\
Seriously worded now, Jason sat down. \
Cecilia turned to him. \new office at a higher salary and now I'm the one who writes out the details for all the jobs that are going to be advertised. It's fun.\
Task 6
【答案】
A. 1) d) 2) d) 3) b) 4) d) B. 1) F 2) T 3) T
C. insulted, intimidated, victim, patient, please, this treatment, be attacked and robbed, using force, badly, hurt her deeply, a university degree, a well paid job, the best car in the street, money in my pocket, his children and their mother, abused his position, badly, smart, change his ways, lose his family's love 【原文】
About four years ago I was attacked on the street, knocked down and my bag stolen. All my friends and family were very sympathetic and helped me go to the police to report it. Now I am a victim again, but this time it is my husband who is assaulting me—hitting, insulting and intimidating me. Yet my family doesn't see me as a victim now. They say if I was more patient and tried harder to please my husband he wouldn't beat me. But I don't think I deserve this treatment—just like I didn't deserve to be attacked and robbed.
Physical assault is a crime whether it happens in the home or on the street. Build family respect and harmony; speak out against domestic violence.
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I might have a university degree, a well paid job, the best car in the street and money in my pocket—but I don't have what I value most in life—my children and their mother. I was a fool to think that by using force I could control those I loved. I admit I treated her badly and hurt her deeply. I thought that the children didn't know what was happening, but of course they did. Children can sense unhappiness in their mother.
Now when I look back on it, I realize that a home which has violence and disrespect scares away love and happiness. Domestic violence causes family destruction.
It was so hard coming to a new country, with a new life, and everything so different. I felt like everything was out of my control. Except in my home and family—at least there I could be boss. But I abused my position as head of the household and treated my wife badly. My wife—she's pretty smart—she got some information about the Australian law which says what I am doing is illegal.
Jeez, I don't want to end up in the court system with the police on my back! No way! I've got my kids to think about. I'm going to change my ways—before it's too late and I lose my family's love.
Love builds harmony in the family. Domestic violence destroys everything.
Task 7
【答案】
A. 1) d) 2) a) 3) d)
B. 1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T
C. self, yourself, consecutive, accomplishment, on, off, effective, patterns, marketable skills, accomplishments D.
1) This is a statement about your personality rather than your skill areas. 2) You should not apologize in your resume.
3) This information about your educational background is better not mentioned, since it is not a strong point.
4) The positive side of this experience is not adequately explored. 5) This statement is not specific about your strong points. 【原文】
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar “tombstone” that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional” resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a “tombstone” for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested “tombstone” lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead. What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
Put yourself first. In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
Sell what you can do, not who you are. Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn! Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does. And one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it.
Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Turn bad news into good. Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
Never apologize. If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
How to psych yourself up? The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills, etc.). Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?
Task 8
【答案】
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Ⅰ. increase your sales, travel very fast, secure and safe Ⅱ.
A. a web page, your past customers’ testimonies, link to their email address, a potential customer can email them and verify the testimony, have the opportunity to speak with the past customers and find out all the great things about service or product, those who log onto your websites can in turn talk to their friends and this could tumble like a domino effect. B. your newsletter, visit your site
C. answer your potential customers' questions, This will answer their questions, This can show them how good your service or product is
D. give out their credit card details, they are afraid that someone will steal their credit card number, feel more comfortable and secure about buying your service or product Ⅲ.
A. deliver your product competently, this is merely what the customer expects, go beyond what is expected and make the process memorable B.
1. aluminum foil shaped like a swan, talk to people about this experience, not even a cent 2. clean, marketing
3. tours of the men's restroom
Ⅳ. distinguish your business from your competitors, performance standards, creativity, enthusiasm 【原文】
Have you ever purchased something that your friend recommended? Didn't this make you feel secure and safe since you knew that your friend was happy with the product or service?
The best kind of advertisement is word of mouth. Even though it doesn't travel fast, it can do some magnificent results. When one of your past customers tells other people how great your service is, it makes people feel secure, and safe. It gives them a reason why to buy your service or product. Give your past customers a chance to brag about you, use their testimonies. You can use them as powerful tools to increase your sales dramatically.
First, collect all the testimonies that you have received from your past customers. Then make a whole web page on your site and place the testimonies on that page. Don’t forget to link to their email address, so a potential client can email them and verify the testimony. This also gives them the opportunity to speak with your past customers and find out all the great things that they have experienced with your service or product. They could then turn around and tell their friends what they heard. This could tumble like a domino affect, causing you to have an explosion of sales.
There are many other ways you can use the testimonies. If you have a newsletter that you publish, I would suggest putting an ad in the newsletter that contains “The Testimony” and some information about your service or product. This will give the potential client a real good reason to visit your site. They already have proof about how good your service or product is. I would also suggest using them in any advertisement you have, and this will give you the same benefits. Try using your testimonies to answer your potential customers' questions. This will answer their questions, and show them how good your service or product is. This is like killing two birds with one stone.
You can also try putting some testimonies in your follow-ups that will give them a reason to act now. There is still a big percentage of people on the Internet who are afraid to give out their credit card. They do not think the Internet is safe, and are worried that someone will steal their credit card number. By having “The Testimonies”, it will make them feel more comfortable and secure about buying your service or product.
How can you build more word of mouth advertising? Rephrasing the question, why would your customers want to talk to their friends about their experience of doing business with you? What things can you do that will compel them to do so?
When you perform your service or deliver your product competently, you are merely doing what the customer expects. (If you don't meet the customers' expectations, they may well tell their friends what you don't want them to hear!) In order to compel the customers to want to share their good experience with their friends, you must make the process memorable, going beyond what is expected.
Recently I had lunch with my team members at the Campbell House. The food and service were truly excellent. My daughter and administrative assistant, Dawn, asked for her leftovers to be packed. They were returned to her in aluminum foil shaped like a swan. Guess what she talked about when she got home? How much more do you think it cost the Campbell House to produce that \The answer is, not a cent!
Disneyland should be an inspiration to us all in providing a \talk to their friends about when they come home? \all of the people there, it's unbelievable! There's not an even a gum wrapper on the ground!\Walt Disney understood that cleanliness is marketing. The Madonna Inn in San Luis Obispo gives tours of the men's restroom. It's quite remarkable, with a rock fountain urinal. I took my daughters when they were very small, and they still remember that urinal! Here is an area that with some creativity, some procedures defined as performance standards, and some enthusiasm, you and your team can distinguish your business from your competitors. Why not schedule a team meeting tomorrow to generate ideas?
Task 9 . kszl
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【答案】 A.Ⅰ.
A.1. Person-to-person contact to persuade consumers to buy a product 2. indirectly, messages on radio, television, newspaper or handbills B. Create a demand for the advertised commodities Ⅱ.A. 1. more or less the same way
2. are partly decided by their teenage children B. 1. love, fear, Dating, ＄1 billion
2. the sex appeal, bad breath, perspiration stains, body odour 3. health, prestige, pride, envy, jealousy 4. brand names, during the years to come
a. Repeat the commercials time and again on radio and television
b. Associate the products with radio or TV stars in the advertisements. B.
Advantages:
1. Stimulates demand, mass production 2. Gives information 3. Leaving home
4. Stimulates competition 5. Lowers prices
6. Provides entertainment Disadvantages:
1. May mislead the public, they are getting something that is not being offered 2. Often misuse language. 3. Encourages impulse buying
4. Raises prices, The cost of advertising a product 5. May influence the mass media 【原文】
Salesmen depend upon the person-to-person approach in trying to persuade consumers to buy. Advertising, however, has to depend upon reaching consumers indirectly—through messages on radio and television, in the newspapers, or even on handbills given to you in the street.
Once again, the purpose of advertising is to sell goods. This means that the advertiser is going to try to make you think you want something—his something—whether you need it or not. In other words, the advertiser is creating a demand for his product. This is fine. Remember, all the goods being produced today have to be sold. And you cannot buy something if you do not know about it. Later, we shall discuss the pros and cons of advertising. First, let us see how advertisers try to reach the teenage consumers. Of course, many of the advertising gimmicks used to sell to teenagers are used to sell to adults as well.
All consumers have certain basic needs or wants: food, clothing, and shelter. But the basic needs of most teenagers are provided for by their parents. Even here, though, advertisers appeal to teenagers because they know that the kind of food mom buys or the furnishings in a teenage girl's room will be partly determined by the teenagers.
Teenagers are interested in how much an item will cost. They are interested in whether they are getting solid value for their dollars. They want to know what service they can expect after buying the product. Advertisers let you know this.
Probably the most effective appeal to teenagers (and to adults too) is to their emotions. Some important emotions are love and fear. Sales of cosmetics to teenagers approach $1 billion each year. Dating is very important to teenagers, so you have to smell sweet. Hide any skin blemishes, and keep your hair looking just fight. The ads show how using a particular hair spray will make girls and boys more attractive to each other.
Ads that promise to increase sex appeal if we use a product are very common. Almost any product can use this appeal. Ads tell you that you will be more attractive if you eat, chew, drink, wear, or use any one of hundreds of different products. Then, of course, there are those ads that ware of bad breath, perspiration stains, or body odour.
Advertisers appeal to teenagers' desire to conform. Young people like to think of themselves as individuals who \hair styles and the clothing that your classmates are wearing. Chances are there are more things you have in common with each other than you would care to admit.
In addition, advertisers appeal to the desire for health and prestige, to the desire to be in style, to pride, and to envy and jealousy.
Teenagers, just like all other consumers, are influenced by brand names. Advertisers try to get teenagers used to a brand because they know that, in later years, the teenagers will stick to this brand. Therefore, commercials are repeated over and over again on radio and television. We soon get to know them by heart. Slick advertising slogans will pop into our minds as we reach for a product. Some advertisers stay with particular radio or television stars, and consumers come to associate a product with a famous person. Since teenagers spend a lot of time listening to the radio and watching television, . kszl
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this form of advertising is very important.
You are probably wondering, at this point, whether advertising is good or bad. Actually, it may be a little of both, but decide for yourself. To help you decide, some of the advantages and disadvantages of advertising are listed below.
The advantages of advertising are as follows:
1. Stimulates demand. Demand increases sales, makes possible the mass production of goods, and keeps employment high.
2. Gives information. Consumers learn about new produces and find out more about products already on the market.
3. Saves time. Advertising tells what products are around and where they are sold. Consumers can shop and compare prices without leaving home.
4. Stimulates competition. Manufacturers have to keep on their toes because consumers know about the different brands and new products that are being offered, and their prices.
5. Lowers prices. Because of mass production, goods can be produced in large quantities at low prices.
6. Provides entertainment. In most cases, advertising pays the costs of presenting entertainment on radio and television. Some people even enjoy listening to and watching the commercials.
Advertising also has disadvantages. Since the main purpose of advertising is to sell goods, the advertiser is not always looking out for the best interests of the consumer. Here are some of the drawbacks of advertising.
1. May mislead the public. Ads sometimes mislead the public into thinking they are getting something that is not being offered. Some advertising is deliberately tricky, so that it really is cheating the public. It is relatively easy to make viewers think that they are seeing something on television that is not really happening at all, such as actors dressed as doctors promoting health products.
2. Often misuses language. Some ads are silly or meaningless, and violate the rules of good English. 3. Encourages impulse buying. Consumers often buy on impulse, without planning ahead. They often buy what they do not need, or they choose according to brand name and do not get the best buy for their money.
4. Raises prices. It costs money to advertise. Consumers pay for television programmes every time they buy a product they see advertised. The cost of advertising a product is added to its cost to consumers.
5. May influence the mass media. Big advertisers can control the press, radio, and television by refusing to advertise in newspapers or on networks with whose editorial policy they disagree. This can force small newspapers to print only what the advertisers wish.
Task 10
【原文】
The names of certain places in the United States make people think of big business. Detroit, a city in Michigan, means cars. Texas means oil. Wall Street, in New York City, means the stock market and \
There is another place name that is well known in the USA. That is Madison Avenue. Madison Avenue in New York City is the place where many advertising companies have their offices. And advertising is one of the biggest businesses in America.
The same kinds of things are produced and sold by many different companies in the US. Many different companies sell cars; many others sell oil. Many different companies sell soap, tires, and so on. Each company wants the public to buy its products. So they pay advertisers to tell the public about its product and make the public interested in what they want to sell.
Unit 7 Task 1
【答案】 A.
1) In a mental asylum.
2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for the pertinents there. 3) They were cants behaving like humans.
4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill. 5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort. B.
painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, The Illustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famous 【原文】
Dan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committee that visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man, drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped.
\\
Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found him in 1925, he was a . kszl
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household name.
\Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. \cats are ashamed of themselves.\
Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen if they were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping the maidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet about it. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the only domestic animal that could be called a friend.
Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite a successful newspaper and magazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew a cat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness a black-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wain used to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him to show these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.
The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. \would want to see a picture of a cat?\. A year or two later he showed them to the editor of The Illustrated London News, who suggested a picture of a cats' Christmas party across two full pages. Using his old sketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fifty cats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made him world famous.
For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house with them, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work. Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followed every new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhat flatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of the National Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.
Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in an asylum for paupers.
After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his work arranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. He continued to draw cats, but they became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists found them more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.
Task 2
【答案】 A.
1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like a young painter. 2) It didn’t look like her.
3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.
4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T
C. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one years
D. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange, shape, human face
and figure, strange 【原文】
Pablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you are wondering why we call him \painter in the world\still painting like a young painter.
For that reason, we have called him the \. Young people are always trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas. They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, rather than risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. We know what to expect from them.
When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like a young man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artistic materials.
Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose in strange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are not natural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like a machine.
At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well as with his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the naked body and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He never thought about other people's opinions.
Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especially if people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but not very much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He was still looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.
The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes. Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young, mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picasso painted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an . kszl
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interesting one.
According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety times while he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything in the world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted head though he had worked on it for so long. \I look at you I can't see you any more!\
Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to the picture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. He could see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she sat in the studio in front of him.
When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look like her, Picasso would reply, \, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was
Picasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was a painter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.
Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what the teachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it was soon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Not even his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.
One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his painting when he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was no one to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.
Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooner or later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everything that was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he was twenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.
He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life—people in the streets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in bright colors and were lovely to look at.
But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorer parts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed very clearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this \.
Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures and become recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same time he began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places as simple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.
The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult to understand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube. Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what great paintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view is different.
Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others are strange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to say to ourselves, \he see?\
Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, when one thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure. It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, \souls of people do not interest him. The reality of life is in the head, the face, and the body.\
Task 3
【答案】
American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:
colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship models American Art:
The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millennium European Decorative Arts and Sculpture:
Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, the musical instruments Paintings:
11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, Dutch Textiles and Costumes:
high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessories 【原文】
Welcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as a leading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is the Museum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the present day, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce to you some of the collections here.
The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range from the colonial period . kszl
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to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War New England. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well as an important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are the collection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superb collection of silver.
The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the most extensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of the Far East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millennium B.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art are especially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in such areas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, and a renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.
The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses Western European works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding among these holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French 18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silver collection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection of musical instruments.
The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings ranging from the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for French paintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by the impressionists. The Museum's great collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by John Singleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation of paintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.
The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the world because of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broad selection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics, costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and western cultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.
Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, for example, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and 20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves and enjoy your time here.
Task 4
【答案】 A.
1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division 2) conventions, some societies and periods 3) commodity B.
1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.
2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art.
C. 1) F 2) T 【原文】
The functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past five thousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated to the expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of the outsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialist who has usually undergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a school with a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art are presented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries, and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or his audience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions in which paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising for the local symphony.
In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts are closer to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists have expressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. In place of our emphasis on the development of a personal or original style, artists were trained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always been specialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art. The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is not universal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating a salable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. Selling Navaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.
Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception of the period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individual talents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men. In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have been recognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, but reflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.
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Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. The reasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America and Europe prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surrounding African Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of the West, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently, such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.
Task 5
【答案】
A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b) B.
Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather Bar
Ⅱ. Magnificent visual memory, essentials Ⅲ. Rhythm, Dustmen
Ⅳ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humour C. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) T 【原文】
Few artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.
Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.
What are those terms? If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up at her own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.
And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.
The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.
The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backside and bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror—it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.
But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves—these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.
Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing to appeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.
Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene—and I confess these are the pictures I prefer—the smallest detail is immediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who have made an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.
The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning—it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously \for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.
A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.
This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have . kszl
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traditionally done—she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface—a pattern which is more than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhance and excite our own responses to the visible.
I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.
Task 6
【答案】
A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interesting B.
Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting design Plate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colors Plate 3: extends, the left side, point C.
Plate 4: c) d) Plate 5: a) b) d) Plate 6: a) b) d) 【原文】
The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings—that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is no \they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.
The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in the center, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and he has made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.
We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE 2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.
PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.
Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climax of the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.
Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly \at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.
Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.
Task 7
【原文】
Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He called himself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like . kszl
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what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.
Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were no courses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.
He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.
Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it.
Unit 8 Task 1
【原文】
1) Now that we're making every effort to keep criminals from getting guns through the front door of a gun shop, we're turning our attention to locking the back door, too. We have started to crack the code of the black market in illegal weapons. We are tracing the guns, targeting the traffickers, taking more of our children out of harm's way. (Bill Clinton) 2) We will be marching today for common sense gun laws, but we will not stop with just marching. We will keep walking; we will keep running; we will keep marching; we will keep fighting and we will keep organizing until we are successful in our fight to keep our children safe. (Hillary Clinton)
3) Police officers of course, are not the only people who die. Ten thousand other Americans are dead because of the misuse of our right to bear arms. People who argue for guns are fond of saying that guns don't kill; people do. But guns do kill. (Robert di Grazia) 4) Registration of cars has nothing to do with the incidence of car accidents which, of course, is the greatest killer of people in the United States, including children. And you don't see anyone turning around and say, \
Task 2
【答案】 News Item 1
A.1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T 5) F 6) F News Item 2 B.
WHO: more than one hundred thousand mothers across the United States WHAT: gathered to push for tougher gun control laws WHERE: Washington WHEN: Sunday C.
1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) b) D.
1) Gun control, Now
2) shed, river of votes, raging, out of, stricter gun control 【原文】 News Item 1 British police say thousands of gun owners have surrendered their small calibre weapons as part of legislation banning some types of handgun. The deadline to hand in the weapons which has just passed is the final stage in the clampdown on gun ownership following the massacre of 16 school children and a teacher at Dunblane in Scotland in 1996. The police estimate that 40,000 weapons have been surrendered, meaning that the vast majority of legally held guns have been given up. But as Inspector Paul Brightwell, a policeman from southern England, points out, many owners are still angry about the bans. Although Britain now has some of the strictest firearms laws in the world, correspondents say the government may still look to introduce further restrictions.
News Item 2
More than one hundred thousand mothers across the United States gathered here in Washington Sunday to push for tougher gun control laws. Organizers of the so-called Million Mom March are hoping to harness growing outrage at the number of children killed by handguns here in the United States. \we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control! When do we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control!...\
The protesters—mothers, victims of gun violence and families—came from across the United States to hear heartbreaking stories of children who had been gunned down. One mother described the pain she felt after her young son received a crippling gunshot wound to the chest. In an emotional appeal, she urged the crowd to vote for members of Congress who support gun control.
\our tears become a raging river of votes, and we need to get our legislators out of office if they do not want stricter gun control.\
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Organizers of the Washington rally and others held in cities across the United States say at least 12 children a day are killed by guns. They want Congress to enact laws that will require registration of handguns and some type of licensing system. US gun control laws vary from state to state. Ant nationwide registration is strongly opposed by the National Rifle Association, a wealthy and powerful nationwide group of firearms owners who reject any type of gun control.
Task 3
【答案】 A.
1) a) 2) a) 3) b) 4) b) 5) c) B.
Column 1 Column 2 Soccer Roland Garros
Equestrian events Longchamp racetrack
Tennis Stade de France
C.
1) The dossier will show locations of sporting events, media centers, and an Olympic village.
2) The tried and tested quality of Paris’ famous sporting infrastructure is a big advantage. Moreover, it’s been many years since France hosted the Olympic Games in 1924. 【原文】
The last time Paris had the honor of hosting the Olympic Games was way back in 1924. Having lost out to Beijing for the right to stage the Games in 2008, the French capital is now optimistic it can win the bid for the 2012 Olympics. The nine cities in contention have until mid-January to give details of their proposed venues. And the organizers in Paris can point to the fact that most of their facilities are already in place.
Competition is fierce among the nine cities bidding for the 2012 Games who all have until January the 15th to give the IOC a dossier showing locations of sporting events, media centers, and an Olympic village. London, New York, Moscow, Madrid, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Leipzig and Havana are all hopeful of staging the world's greatest sporting festival. But experts reckon that Paris is the early favorite. Preparation is key when it comes to hosting the Olympic Games. Barcelona and Sydney both proved how to stage one. It's been almost 70 years since the summer Olympic experience took place on French soil. Having lost out to host the Games in 2008, the organizers within Paris are optimistic about their chances for hosting the 2012 Olympics. Integral to Paris' bid is the tried and tested quality of its renowned sporting infrastructure. Soccer matches, for instance, would be held in the northeast suburb of Saint-Denis, home of the 78,000-seat Stade de France, where France beat Brazil three nil in 1998 to win the World Cup. The stadium is also the likely setting for the Olympic track and field events, with the media center being erected alongside it. Tennis matches would be well catered for at the famous red clay courts of Roland Garros, home to the French Open, the most likely location. Whilst the equestrian events could be held within the famous Longchamp Racetrack, which hosts the prestigious Prix de L'Arc de Triomphe each year. With around 150 acres of Pads real estate available in the city's Seventeenth District, the Athletes' Village could easily be adapted, not far from Longchamp. Paris city authorities estimate the cost of hosting the 2012 Games at $6.9 billion. That’s nearly twice as much as estimated for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. But if that generates just a fraction of the enthusiasm—and money—raised when France won the European Championships in 2000, it’ll be money well spent.
Task 4
【答案】
A. 1) c) 2) a) 3) b) 4) a) 5) b) B.1) 2,200, two thirds, confrontation
2) appreciate, foundation, cooperation, trust, Russia 【原文】
Darren Jordon: A new era of relations has been declared between the United States and Russia. This
morning, Presidents Bush and Putin met in Moscow to sign a nuclear arms treaty. Mr. Bush said suspicions of the Cold War had been cast aside. The two Presidents met inside the Kremlin to approve what they both called a historic agreement. They promised to reduce their nuclear stockpiles by two thirds so that each would be down to below 2,200 over the next ten years. President Bush said the agreement marked the end of a long chapter of confrontation between the two countries. Well, our Moscow Correspondent Caroline Wyatt has been following the morning's events. Caroline.
Caroline Wyatt: Well, it's taken us ten long years for Russia and America to reach this stage. But it does
seem that at the Kremlin here behind me in Moscow, that Vladimir Putin and George Bush have finally managed to banish the mistrust of the Cold War era, and start a new chapter in relations. The day began with a sombre ceremony as President Bush paid his respects at the Tomb of Unknown Soldier, honoring Russia's sacrifice as an ally in the Second World . kszl
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War. The American President looked slightly awestruck as he entered the Kremlin to praise Russia's contribution in the new war, the fight against terror. Vladimir Putin's support for Mr. Bush since September 11th has cemented an unexpectedly warm relationship between their two countries, turning cold war enemies into friends. Amid the splendor of St. Catherine's Hall, both leaders prepared to sign the treaty they say will make the world a safer place, the solemnity of the moment only slightly dented when the cameras caught Mr. Bush removing his boiled sweat. Then the two men put their names to a deal agreeing to scrap two-thirds of their nuclear arsenals over the next decade. Yet it’s not a treaty Russia's military leaders are happy with. They complain Washington will simply store the weapons for later use. So Mr. Bush tried to reassure his audience here.
George Bush: I appreciate the fact that we have now laid the foundation for not only our governments,
but future governments to work in a spirit of cooperation and a spirit of trust. It's good. It's good for the people of Russia. It's good for the people of the Untied States.
Caroline Wyatt: For his part, Mr. Putin said he has no doubt they were entering a new era in relations.
Despite the smiles, much still divided their two nations. America fears Russia is selling nuclear technology to Iran. But at least now they say they can address those issues as friends and allies. The two men do have the rest of the day and then a relaxing weekend in Mr. Putin's hometown, St. Petersburg, to iron out of all those issues.
Task 5
【答案】 A.
1) The US military sent an interceptor into space to hit a missile with a mock warhead 2) 60 billion dollars.
3) It was the first test of new technology that could become a key component of the Missile Defense Network. After the test, the pentagon would likely recommend that US President order deployment of the Missile Defense System.
4) Earlier tests produced mixed results: Two failed and one succeeded.
5) He said the nature of the security threats facing the United States has changed since the end of the Cold War, and old treaties just don’t fit any more. B.
Responses from Parties Concerned Parties Concerned Relations to the Test US President Pleased with the result, President Bush said he was convinced the system should and could be built. US Congress It criticized the plan for its high cost. Russia and some NATO member states They disagreed with the US position and warned of the danger of a new arms race. Greenpeace Its activists tried to disrupt the test. 【原文】 News Item 1
A crucial test of the US Missile Defense System is set to begin within hours as the US military tries to destroy a dummy warhead in space over the Pacific Ocean. An interceptor missile fired from an island in the Pacific Ocean will try to hit the warhead launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. If the intercept succeeds, the Pentagon will likely recommend that the President Clinton order deployment of the 60-billion-dollar Missile Defense System. In a bid to disrupt today's test, the environmental group Greenpeace has sent a ship to an off limits zone near Vandenberg. Spokesman Steve Shohan says its activists had infiltrated the facility. \is the objective of the Greenpeace activists on the base to chain themselves to the apparatus immediately adjacent to the missile silo, so that the missile could not be launched,\missile cannot be fired. But the Pentagon insists it has the means to deal with such attempted disruptions.
News Item 2
President Bush's hopes for a missile defense system got a big boost this weekend when the Pentagon staged a successful test of key technology. A missile interceptor successfully hit a mock nuclear warhead over the Pacific Ocean. White House officials say Mr. Bush was pleased with the result.
Mr. Bush was at his presidential retreat outside Washington when a flash of light faraway over the Pacific signaled the successful test. An interceptor sent into space from a tiny Pacific island neatly hit its target, an intercontinental range missile with a mock warhead launched minutes earlier from an air force base in California. It was the first test of new technology that could become a key component of the Missile Defense Network. Earlier tests of other elements produced mixed results. Two failed and one succeeded. The president said he is convinced the system can and should be built. He says the nature of the security threats facing the United States has changed since the end of the Cold War, and old treaties just don’t fit any more. But Russia and some NATO allies think otherwish and warn of a new . kszl
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arms race. And the notion of spending billions to develop Missile Defense has drawn some criticism on Capitol Hill.
Task 6
【答案】
1) We will try to avoid a worldwide nucleate war, for there are no winners in such a war.
2) The US and other countries should refrain from tests, and sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
3) The US is withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
4) We should start a new arms race by deploying Missile Defense System. 【原文】
1) We will not prematurely or unnecessarily risk the cause of worldwide nuclear war, in which even the fruits of victory will be ashes in our mouth. (J. F. Kennedy)
2) Today I say again, on behalf of the United States, we will continue the policy we have maintained since 1992 of not conducting nuclear test. I call on Russia, China, Britain, France and all other countries to continue the refrain from testing. I call on nations that have not done so to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. (Bill Clinton)
3) We reviewed what I've discussed with my friend President Vladimir Putin over the course of many meetings and many months, and that is the need for America to move beyond the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Today, I have given formal notice to Russia, in accordance with the Treaty, that the United States of America is withdrawing from this almost 30-year-old treaty. (G. W. Bush)
4) Are we really prepared to raise the starting-gun in a new arms race in a potentially more dangerous world? Because, make no mistakes about it, folks, if we deploy Missile Defense System as being contemplated, we could do just that. Step back from the ABM treaty, go full steam ahead and deploy Missile Defense System, then we'll be raising the starting-gun. Let's stop this nonsense before we end up pulling the trigger. (Senator Biden)
Task 7
【答案】 A.
1) They had hoped to settle an agenda ahead of the WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle next week. But they failed to achieve that goal.
2) They were disputes over agricultural issue between major trading nations, and demands from developing countries for more time to implement existing trade accords.
3) They have heavily subsidized their agricultural products. Farmers benefit a lot from these policies. 4) They pressed the EU and Japan to remove the subsidies.
5) Yes, he was confident that some agreement could be reached in Seattle. B.
1) c) 2) a) 3) b) 4) a) 5) d) C.
1) Developing countries demand more access to the European market for their agricultural products, but the EU still wants to maintain its subsidies for exports and barriers to imports. 2) Yes. Because their markets are also flooded with cheap goods from other countries. 3) On the whole, the rich countries benefit more from the WTO rules. 【原文】 News Item 1
Ambassadors to the World Trade Organization have failed to agree on a common text for the next global trade round of talks. During three months of negotiations in Geneva, the ambassadors had hoped to settle an agenda ahead of the WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle next week. From Geneva Claire Doole reports.
The major sticking point is agriculture, pitting the big trading nations against each other. The US and major agricultural countries such as Australia wanted the EU and Japan to slash their export subsidies, which they say prices their producers out of the market. But this is unpopular with both trading powers, reluctant to incur the rows of their heavily subsidized but politically influential farmers. The other problem area is the demand from developing countries for more time to implement existing trade accords. The WTO Director-General remains confident that the agreement will be found in Seattle, but trade envoys are not so optimistic.
News Item 2
Trade ministers from 18 nations and political entities are meeting behind closed doors in Mexico City to seek consensus on the agenda for a new round of world trade talks. The meeting is taking place in a luxury hotel under tight security. Around two dozen anti-globalization protesters tried to demonstrate near the hotel, but they were outnumbered by Mexican riot police, who kept them far from the site. The goal of the meeting is to work out a framework for talks to be held in Qatar in November. The last round of world trade talks ended in 1994 and led to the creation of the World Trade Organization the next year. But efforts to launch a new round of talks in the city of Seattle in 1999 . kszl
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ended in failure.
The trade ministers meeting here are trying to work out basic agreements on such divisive issues as antidumping rules and agricultural subsidies. Developing nations are demanding more access to Europe for such commodities as beef and grain, but European Union nations have maintained subsidies for exports and barriers to imports. The developing nations also want rules against dumping, whereby their markets are flooded with cheap goods from other nations. Poorer nations say the benefits of free trade have mostly been seen in the rich countries and they are looking for a new round of trade talks to address the current inequalities.
Although the gap remains wide, World Trade Organization officials say they are hopeful that these informal discussions here in Mexico City will lead to an agreement that can be embraced at the larger meeting in November. The representatives at this meeting are only a small fraction of the organization's 142 members, but they are thought to be representative of the various points of view within the larger body. The meeting is to conclude on Saturday. Task8: 【答案】 A.
1) Working with UNICEF—one of the most direct and effective ways to help children who need it
2) Top issue on the agenda—mobilizing artists and other intellectuals in the efforts for child survival and health in Africa
3) How and why artists can help the campaign for universal child immunization. 4) How and why artists enjoy high esteem in Africa B.
1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) b) 5) c) C.
1) society, governments, political, economic processes 2) the mobilization of entertainers/artists
3) immunize, the six major child-killing diseases 4) immunized 【原文】
Extract 1
Narrator: As we heard in a previous edition of this programme, Harry Belafonte has become the latest
goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund. In the tradition of Danny Kaye, Liv Ullmann, Peter Ustinov and others, the popular entertainer who has worked with UNICEF in the past will tour the world in support of UNICEF initiatives for child survival. According to Mr. Belafonte, working with UNICEF is one of the most direct and expedient ways to get help to children who need it.
Belafonte: It has been over the last four years that I have become more intensely aware of the whole
role of children in the global process as it affects society and as it affects governments and as it affects the political process and as it affects the economic process. And also, with USA for Africa, UNICEF became a very, very important conduit for the dissemination and distribution of our resources. When we looked around as a non-governmental organization for how to ensure that much of the $52 million that we raised and…certainly all of the other areas that were stimulated with financial returns based upon our effort. UNICEF was always at the center of everyone's choice for who to rely on and what to do when we went into places for which we knew very little about in order to meet head on the problems of the drought and the famine and the death and the pestilence and all of the various health problems.
Extract 2
Narrator: One of the first projects Mr. Belafonte will work on as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador is the
mobilization of entertainers for child survival and health in Africa. During the United Nations General Assembly's special session on the critical situation in Africa in May of last year, African nations discussed the state of health care on the continent and its importance to the economic and social well-being of each country. According to Mr. Belafonte, this is a topic high on the agenda of UNICEF as well.
Belafonte: One of the first things that Jim and I talked about was how to in fact define methodologies
and ways in which we can begin to engage artists in particular, intellectuals in general, to be able to have some on-going understanding, on-going programme, to help change the course of human history as it relates to children and as it relates to children particularly in the Third World, and on this first leg of our journey, specifically in Africa.
Extract 3
Narrator: UNICEF has set the goal of universal child immunization to encourage nations to immunize
their young against the six major child-killing diseases. While many countries are making steady progress toward these goals, Mr. Grant points out that the campaign can be greatly aided by the support of artists and the entertainment community.
Grant: Our dilemma with immunization is that the easiest part almost is to get the vaccines out.
Granted, we need refrigeration—what we call the cold chain—you've got to get the vaccinators. But the really difficult thing is how you convince somebody who has never had immunization . kszl
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before, is illiterate, never gone to school, that they should bring their children to be immunized three times, a month apart. Usually most children will run a fever after the first round. So a mother who's brought the child in healthy then has got to be convinced to come back the second time. And here's where the intellectuals, the artists, the singers—there's a massive communication job to tell parents that they do have this power, symbolized in the vaccination appeal by bringing their children in. But it's really the artists, the intellectuals, the people who set the ambiance of all this that determines really what people do.
Extract 4
Narrator: And Mr. Belafonte adds that artists are held in high esteem throughout Africa.
Belafonte: I think that in Africa, where communication vis-a-vis radio and television is far less than it is
in industrialized nations and therefore there is a greater community involvement almost directly with artists, one on one. When artists walk through the streets of any major city or any village in Africa, the pied piper role they play—the way people follow them down the streets, the love and the reverence with which they’re held—is something to be envied. I think most American artists think we have it made because we have the Mercedes, the swimming pool and Beverly Hills. But they miss an awful lot when they don’t understand how that direct relationship to the community and to the people, what that direct relationship means.
Task 9
【原文】
The British government has said that Queen Elizabeth has no objection to plans to overturn the tradition of the eldest-born son succeeding to the throne by giving equal rights to whoever is the oldest prince or princess. The announcement in the Upper House of Parliament, the House of Lords, is part of the Labour Government's moves to modernize the British constitution. The change, if approved, will make no difference to the right of Prince Charles and his eldest son to succeed to the throne. The Queen herself took over as monarch only because her father King George VI died without sons.
Unit 9 Task 1
【答案】 Panel Opinions 1st penallist: Philip Barnes Computers have already changed our lives. 2nd penallist: Miss Anderson Computers have changed our lives, but I don't want my life changed. 3rd penallist: Arthur Haines The computer will affect everyone in the world. Records can be kept of everything we do. Records will be kept of all our private lives. The computer is the greatest disaster of the 20th century. The computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it is used by people. If the computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster. 4th penallist: Phyllis Archer 【原文】
Compere: And now for our first question. It comes from Mrs. June Moore. Mrs. Moore? Mrs. Moore: Does the panel think that computers will change our lives?
Compere: Mrs. Moore wants to know if computers will change our lives. Philip Barnes?
Philip Barnes: Computers have already changed our lives. Business is more efficient. Planes and trains
provide a better service...
Miss Anderson: Just a moment, Mr. Barnes. You may be right about business, but how many people have
lost their jobs because of computers? Computers have changed our lives, but I don't want my life changed.
Arthur Haines: Excuse me, Miss Anderson. We're talking about our lives, not your life. The computer will
affect everyone in the world. Records can be kept of everything we do. Records will be kept of all our private lives. In my opinion, the computer is the greatest disaster of the 20th century.
Phyllis Archer: Could I interrupt? Arthur Haines says the computer is a disaster, but the computer is a
machine. It was invented by people; it is used by people. If the computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster.
Compere: Thank you, Phyllis Archer. Thank you, panel. And thank you, Mrs. Moore.
Task 2
【答案】 A.
1) It includes a 9-inch TV screen, a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it, a printer, and two . kszl
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disk drives.
2) It's all contained right on the floppy disk.
3) It’s much better than a typewriter in that one can move words or sentences from place to place or make corrections or changes right on the screen, and never have to erase on paper.
4) It can help him make a monthly budget for his household with electronic spreadsheet software. B.
1) loads your program into the machine 2) typewriter, typewriter,
3) turning the computer on and loading a program 4) the different things the program can do 【原文】
Narrator: For Harvey Van Runkle, it was love at first sight, or should we say, love at first byte? Really, it
is 64,000 bytes—that's the size of the memory on his new BANANA-3 personal computer. It all happened by accident. His wife, Charlotte, had sent him out to buy a new toaster, when he found himself standing in front of a computer display at the BANANA Computer Store.
Salesman: Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this little computer is going to change your lives. Just consider
the hardware: You have a 9-inch TV screen. That’s your video display terminal. You have a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it. You have a printer that will give you paper printouts of your work in three colors. You have two disk drives—one inside the computer terminal and one outside. This computer can do anything! Now let’s have a little demonstration. Who would like to try the new BANANA-3 computer? You, sir. You look interested. Step right up and try the BANANA-3.
Harvey: What's a d-disk drive?
Salesman: That's the part of the computer that loads your program into the machine. Harvey: Oh. What's a program?
Salesman: The program? That's your software. That's the instructions. It's all contained right on this
floppy disk here. The instructions on this disk tell the computer what to do.
Harvey: Oh, you mean like my wife. She always tells me what to do.
Salesman: Exactly. Now what type of program would you like? I have word processing, I have electronic
spreadsheet...
Harvey: What's word processing?
Salesman: Word processing is using the computer like a typewriter. But it's much better than a
typewriter. You can move words or sentences from place to place or make corrections or changes right on the screen. You never have to erase on paper. It's a wonderful little program! Would you like to try it, Mr...
Harvey: Van Runkle. Harvey Van Runkle. I've never used a computer before... Salesman: It's easy. First we start up the machine, and then boot up a program. Harvey: Boot up?
Salesman: That's computer talk for turning the computer on and loading a program. There. Now we look
at the menu.
Harvey: Menu? But I just had lunch. I'm not hungry.
Salesman: No, no. This is a program menu, not a restaurant menu. It shows the different things the
program can do. For example, here we have \your documents you want to work on. And here’s “edit”. This gives you ways to correct your document.
Harvey: Gee, this is great! There's only one problem. Salesman: What's that?
Harvey: I don't have any documents. I'm a plumber. Salesman: But you have bills, don't you? Harvey: Yeah, but...
Salesman: Well, with our electronic spreadsheet software, you can make a monthly budget for your household.
Harvey: No. My wife, Charlotte, does that. Salesman: Well, now you can do it, Harvey. Harvey: I don't know...
Salesman: And you have friends, don't you?
Harvey: Yeah, well there's my brother-in-law Bob...
Salesman: Great! You can write letters to Bob on your new BANANA-3 computer! Harvey: Okay. How much is it?
Salesman: Never mind. Do you have a credit card? Harvey: Well, sure...
Salesman: Great. Joe, get Harvey here signed up, will you? He wants a BANANA-3 with a printer and
software. Okay, step right up, ladies and gentlemen. This computer can do anything!
Task 3
【答案】
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A.
1) They are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature. 2) Digital computers.
3) Only one person at a time can use them.
4) It is because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.
5) Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users. B.
Similarities and Differences between Microcomputers and Minicomputers 1．They are two kinds of common digital computers. Similarities 2．Both of them can be used in small businesses. 3．Each computer has only one CPU. 1. Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers. Differences 2. Microcomputers are used more frequently in large offices and businesses than in small businesses. 3. More than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. 【原文】 There are two primary kinds of computers: analog computers and digital computers. Unless you are a scientist, you probably will not use analog computers. These computers are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.
In contrast, digital computers perform their tasks by counting. Some digital computers are built to help solve only a specific kind of problem. For example, digital computers that monitor airplanes flying in and out of airports are built only for that task. Most digital computers, though, can be used to help solve many kinds of problems. Among them, microcomputers and minicomputers are two kinds of common digital computers.
Microcomputers, also called personal computers, are the newest computers. Many are about the size of a very small television set. Some, however, are so small and light that people can carry them easily on business trips. Because computer manufacturers produce an enormous amount of computer hardware, it is possible for anyone to own and use a microcomputer. Therefore, we now see these machines in many homes, schools, and businesses. There is one disadvantage to these computers, though. Only one person at a time can use them. Also, many people who buy microcomputers do not understand what these machines can and cannot do. Some experts say that almost half of all micro-computers are not used often because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.
Like microcomputers, minicomputers are used in small businesses. However, they are larger than microcomputers and are used more frequently in large offices and businesses than in small businesses. Another difference is that more than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. We call this time-sharing. Some minicomputers can have more than a hundred people time-sharing them. Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. But even though more than one person can use a minicomputer, the computer has only one CPU. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.
Task 4
【答案】 A.
1) It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a
speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.
2) Lupa had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is.
3) When Lupa stood up and walked around the room, it was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone. B.
1) They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me.
2) You know something; I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program.
3) You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?
It was a Sunday; but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit. 【原文】
Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.
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现代大学英语听力3原文及答案 - 图文
