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非谓语动词
? 概述
非谓语动词，主要指在主句中表示一个动作但不能充当谓语，而是充当其他语法功能的词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。 ? 非谓语动词的三种形式
非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。
名称 形式 用法 不定式 to do 表目的、将来 动名词 doing 表主动及现在 分词 done 表被动及过去 这三个基本形式的基础上会有一些变化： 1. 动词不定式
时态 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式
2. 动名词
动名词 主动 一般式 doing 被动 being done 构成 被动形式 to do to be done to have done to have been done to be doing ---- to have been doing ---- 完成式 having done having been done
3. 分词
? 动词不定式的用法
1. 动词不定式的否定式
not to
She decided not to be late again. 2. 动词不定式的完成式
完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 注意 若谓语为表示“愿望、打算、意图”的动词时，如hope, think, want, plan, expect, mean, intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示“本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实现”。如：
We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.
3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特
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征，则构成不定式符合结构的介词应为of 前面常用的形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise,
clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。
It is very kind of you to help me.
区别It is important for us to learn English well.
4. 在某些动词后， 可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的并
于。常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。 They find it difficult to repay the money. 5. 动词+不定式作宾补
ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。 6. 只能用动词+不定式作宾语
口诀 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装； 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/ determine, learn, want, expert/hope/with refuse, manage, care, pretend
order, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help
7. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear,
listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to （五看三使两听一感觉一发现）
Nobody saw him come in.
She was seen to enter the room last night.
注意 get 也能当使役动词，表示“使、让、叫”之意，相当于have，但两者也有所不同。
have sb. do sth.get
sb to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事
have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做 have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事get sb./ sth.dong 使某人/物开始行动起来You’d better have/get your hair cut. He managed to get the horse running.
8. 在动词help后，做宾补和宾语的不定式符号to带不带都可以。如;
He helped her walk across the street. He often helps do some housework at home.
9. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove等动词的英语
后可与带to be结构，也可与省略。
如果不定式的动作发生在位于动词以前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，这些动词
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也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。
He found the answer (to be) satisfactory. We considered him to have acted excellently.
10. 当名词被first, last, second以及only等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。且充
当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有过去时意义。 She was the first to come.
11. 在下列固定词组或短语之后要跟不带to的不定式
had better… had best…
would rather…(than…) would sooner…than… cannot help but cannot but
cannot choose but.. may/might as well… do no more than…
12. wh-连接代词、副词后跟不定式构成的短语，可在句子中做主语、宾语、表语，还可以
做定语。（why和if后不能直接跟动词不定式）
它的作用相当于一个名词性从句，通常在某些动词(如tell, know, imagine, learn, decided, forget, remember, consider, understand等)后面做宾语，有时也用作主语、表语、同位语等。如：
He didn’t know how to answer her. When to start has not been decided. I don’t know who to ask advice from.
Would you please advise me which to buy?
Please explain (to me) where to begin and how to do it. They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.
注意：按英语习惯，疑问词why后面通常不接不定式。但在以why或why not 开头的省略型疑问句中，其后可跟不带to 的不定式。如： Why get upset just because you got a bad mark? You are looking tired. Why not take a holiday? When to start has not been decided.
13. like（would like）, love（would love）, hope, hate, need, try, want, wish, plan, mean等动词后
used to, be going to结构后 + to，代替整个不定式内容。 be glad, be willing, be happy等词语后 -- Would you like to go to the cinema? -- I’d love to.
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14. 在介词but, except, besides, than, save等表示“除了…”之意的词前， 若有 实义动词do时，常用无to的不定式作其介词的宾语，若无实义动词do，则用带to的动词不定式。
He was not able to do anything but/except wait. He had no choice but to give in. 15. 评论性动词不定式
有些不定式常用来表示说话人对所谈的内容的态度和看法，即对句内容的评论，
故称为评论性动词不定式，也称独立不定式。 综合：so to speak 可以说，可谓
to be exact 精确地说
to be sure 无可否认，诚然 to make things(matters) worse
The dog is, so to speak, a member of the family.
He’s in his mid-fifties; well, fifty-six to be exact. 表真诚：to be fair
to be (perfectly) frank to be honest to do sb justice
to tell (you) the truth 表总结：to be brief to conclude
to cut/make a long story short to sum up
表让步: not to mention to say nothing of to put it mildly
to put it another way
to say the least 不夸张的说 表顺序：to begin with to start with
16. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
1) 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，并且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
I have two letters to answer.
2) 有些结构中，不定式表达被动意义，却用主动形式，因为可以在句子中找到不定式这个动作的发出者。
Give her some books to read.
Would you bring me a bench to sit on? The morning air is so good to breathe.
注意： 用做定语的不定式为“动词+介词”时，介词不能省略。如： a piece of paper to write on
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a nice place to live in
3) 某些动词的不定式与be连用时，常见的有to blame，to rent等。如：
The house is to rent.
He is to blame for not driving carefully.
17.
? 动名词的用法
1. 动名词的否定式 not+动名词 2. 动名词的完成式
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 He was praised for having done a good deed. 3. 动词+介词构成的短语，其后跟动名词做宾语
高中英语语法非谓语动词讲解
