第一讲 名 词
语法填空
【典题试做】
1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause)．
2．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
1．给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；
2．给出其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词。
短文改错
【典题试做】
1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football. player→players 2．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do. job→jobs
3．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. city→cities 4．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. chicken→chickens 5．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. Friday’s
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→Friday
6．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. sort→sorts
7．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well. mistake→mistakes
8．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！” word→words
9．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ) Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. informations→information
1．可数名词单复数的错用； 2．混淆名词的可数与不可数； 3．名词的格的误用。
名词的数
名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分，不可数名词没有复数形式。
1．可数名词单复数的变化规则 (1)可数名词复数的规则变化 变化规则 一般情况下 以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词 以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词 以元音字母加-y结尾的名词 以-o结尾的名词 例词 在词尾直接加-s mouth→mouths house→houses glass→glasses match→matches country→countries factory→factories holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys piano→pianos 在词尾加-es 变y为i再加-es 在词尾直接加-s 一般在词尾加-s 2
photo→photos 有些在词尾加-es hero→heroes potato→potatoes self→selves wolf→wolves roof→roofs belief→beliefs 一般要变f或fe为v加-es 以-f, -fe结尾的名词 少数直接加-s (2)名词复数的不规则变化 单复数同形 词形变化 deer, sheep, Chinese, means(方式，方法), series, species man→men, woman→women, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice 将主体名词变为复数：passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on 合成名词的复数 无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾：grown-up→grown-ups, stand-by→stand-bys 名词前有man或woman修饰 ■名师点津 man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式：woman doctor→women doctors, man waiter→men waiters (1)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks, congratulations, wishes, greetings, shoes, trousers, works(著作；工厂), manners(礼貌), instructions(操作说明), directions(用法说明), papers(试卷；文件), times(时代)等。
(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：take turns to do sth., in high spirits, make friends with, shake hands with, make preparations for, make both ends meet, take pains to do sth.等。
2．不可数名词 (1)常考的不可数名词
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, equipment, fun, luggage, luck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。
■名师点津
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word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。 (2)抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
抽象名词(不可数) in surprise惊讶地 win success获得成功 win honour赢得荣誉 failure失败 by experience靠经验 with pleasure乐意 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词) a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 a success一个成功的人/一件成功的事 an honour一个值得尊敬的人/一件值得尊敬的事 a failure一个失败的人/一件失败的事 an experience一次经历 a pleasure一件乐事
名词的格 1．’s所有格
主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：
构成 一般是在名词词尾加’s 例词 John’s home 约翰的家 students’ textbooks 学生们的课本 children’s game 孩子们的游戏 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加’ 词尾不带-(e)s的复数名词，仍加’s 2．of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the title of the article the name of the girl over there 3．双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为：“名词＋of＋名词’s”或“名词＋of ＋名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用a，any，some，a few，two，this，that，these, those 等修饰，但不能用the。
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文章的标题 那边那位女孩的名字
a picture of my mother’s this little cat of your sister’s ■名师点津
我母亲的一张照片 你妹妹的这只小猫
(1)表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助’s 表示所有关系。 a week’s holiday thirty minutes’ ride
一周的假 三十分钟的车程
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop, office, house, home 等常省去。 at the doctor’s (office) at Mr.Green’s (house)
在(医生的)诊所里 在格林先生家
判断词性，确定名词单复数
1．根据题干的语法结构，特别是设空前的限定词判断词性：冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。
2．根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。
3．确定词性为名词后，根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成适当的形式；然后再根据名词本身确定可数与不可数，如果名词可数，则需根据其前限定词及谓语动词的形式来确定名词的单复数形式。
[例] (浙江卷)I absent-mindedly turned the ________________(page) of the phone book and came across a city map.
[分析] pages 句意：我漫不经心地翻着电+话簿，偶然看到了一张城市地图。page意为“页；面”，为可数名词，根据语境，电+话簿应该有很多页，故应该用复数形式，故填pages。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2024·保定摸底)Bringing together Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine, rather than being in competition(compete), is where the potential for great effects lies. 2．(2024·吉林第一次调研)Different stages of sleep actually give you different types of brain and body benefits(benefit)．
3．My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
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2024版高考英语语法专项突破 教师用书 专题2 1 第1讲 名 词
