中考词汇辨析
§1 a bit/ a little
这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换,但有时不能。 Ⅰ.二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时,意义相同,为“一点儿” “有些”。如:
① I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。
② He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。 Ⅱ.二者都可以作名词词组,充当主语或宾语。如: ① A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。
② I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。 Ⅲ。a little可直接修饰名词;a bit后须加of才可以。如:
①. There is a little water in the bottle. = There is a bit of water in the bottle. [注意] a little of 后的名词通常特指,表“??中的一些”,如: ①May I have a little of your tea?
Ⅳ. 否定形式 not a little 作状语,相当于very/ quite, “很”, “非常”;作定语和宾语时,相当于much, 意为 “许多”。而not a bit 作状语时,相当于not at all, 意为“一点也不”,作宾语时则相当于not much. Eg:
① He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。
② He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.他一点也不饿。 ③ She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。
Ⅴ. Not a bit 中的not 可以分开使用;not a little中的not 则不能分开。Eg: ① He felt not a bit tired. = He didn?t feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。
② He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说:He didn?t fell a little tired.
§2 a few/ few/ a little/ little
Ⅰ. a few和few修饰可数名词,a little和little修饰不可数名词;a few和a little表示肯定意义,few和little表示否定意义,可受only修饰。如:
① Few people will agree to the plan because it?s too dangerous.
②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it. ③ There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some ④ Don?t worry, we have a little time left.
§3 above/over/on/upon
Ⅰ. 方位介词,“在??之上”
Ⅱ. above 着重指:在??上方,不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为:below. ① The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。 ② The aero plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。
Ⅲ.over 表盖在??上面,或铺在??上面。此时不能用above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under.
① Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。 Ⅳ. on 含有与表面相接触的意思。 ① The book is on the desk.
② There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。
Ⅴ.upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与on没有多大的区别,但较正式,口语中较少用。 ① He laid his hand upon the boy?s head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。
[注] up 与以上几个不同,它表示向上方或高处,含有由下而上,由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词连用。作副词时,表示在上方或高处。 ① We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。
② The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。
§4 accept/receive
Ⅰ. accept “接受”,表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。 ① I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。
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② We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建议。
Ⅱ. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行为与主观意愿无关。如: ① I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的来信。
② He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了礼物,但没有接受下来。 ③ He received a good education.他受到了良好的教育。
[注] 在表示接待、接见时,通常用 receive, 而不用 accept. 如:We often receive foreign guests. 我们经常接待外宾。
§5 across/through/ over
Ⅰ. across “横过、穿过”,指从??的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如: ① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河(指从此岸到彼岸)
② Let?s help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。
Ⅱ. through “穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过,含义与in有关。如:
① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。
② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。
Ⅲ. over“横过、跨越”指横过道路、河流等“细长物”时,与across通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳(飞)越,但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用across. ① She went across / over the bridge.
② He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。
③ She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。 ④ They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。
另外,over作介词还有“翻过??”的意思,如:climb the mountain 翻过那座山。
§6 afraid/ fear
Ⅰ. afraid “害怕”是形容词,只能作表语,而不能作定语,后接of 短语或不定式,构成 be afraid of sb. 和 be afraid to do sth ① She is afraid of a snake. 她害怕蛇。 ② The little girl is afraid to go out at night. afraid +that clause “恐怕”, 是婉转拒绝别人的一种表达方式。 如:
① I?m afraid (that) I can?t go to the party. My brother is sick. 恐怕我不能去参加聚会了。我
弟弟病了。
Ⅱ. fear “害怕”是动词,与be afraid 往往通用,但不如它常用(特别是在口语中)。如: ① We fear no difficulty.我们不怕困难。
② He feared to speak his mind.他不敢说出自己的想法。
③ Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因为怕他会受凉,我走去看他。
§7feel like / would like
Ⅰ.feel like 与would like 意思很相近,但feel like 后面常跟名词;动名词。构成:feel like (doing) sth. 而 would like 一般接名词;动词不定式。构成:would like (to do) sth.的句式。如:
① I feel like (having) a drink. = I would like (to have) a drink. 我想喝一杯。
② Do you feel like talking a walk. = Would you like to take a walk? 你要不要散步? ③ I don?t feel like eating. 我不想吃东西。 Ⅱ.feel like 还表示:“觉得好像,摸起来像”。如: ① It feels like silk. 它摸起来像绸缎。
§8. after/behind “在??之后”
Ⅰ. after “在??(时间)之后”;
“在??(地点)之后”,指次序。如:
① He came after ten o?clock. 他十点以后来的。
② Two days after his arrival, I called on him. 在他到达两天以后,我拜访了他。
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③ ?Against? comes after ?again? in this cictionary.在这本字典中 ?against? 排在 ?again? 之
后。
Ⅱ. behind 表地点时意为:在??后面、着重指位置的前后。偶尔也指时间,表按照一定的时刻而迟了的意思。
① The garden is behind the house. ② He stood behind me.
③ The train was behind time. 火车误点了。 ④ You are two hours behind. 你迟了两个小时。
§9. ago/before
Ⅰ. ago adv. “??以前”指从此刻起,若干时间以前,通常与过去连用。如: ① It happened two days ago.这件事发生在两天以前。 ② I met him a few minutes ago.我在几分钟以前碰到他。
Ⅱ. before adv, prep & conj “??以前”指从那时起若干时间以前。通常与完成时、过去时等连用。还可用作前置词或连接词表时间,而ago 则不能这样用。 ① He said that he had seen her two days before.他说他两天前见到过她。(表从她说话那时起
两天前)
② I had been fine the day before.(那天)前一天的天气很好。 ③ I?ve seen that film before. ④ I never met him before.
§10. agree to/ agree with/ agree on(up on)
Ⅰ. agree to “同意、应允”通常用于同意某件事情(我们可以同意我们自己有不同看法而并不赞同的事情)。如: ① Do you agree to this plan?
② He agreed to my proposal.他同意了我的提议。 ③ I agreed to his terms. 我同意了他的条件。
Ⅱ. agree with “同意、赞同”常常表示同某人意见一致,也可表赞同某件事情。还有“(气候、食物等)适合”之意。如:
① I quite agree with you.我很同意你。 ② Do you agree with me ?
③ I agree with all you say.我同意你所说的。
④ His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。 ⑤ Too much meat doesn?t agree with her. 吃太多肉对她身体不合适。 [注]:agree with 不能用于被动语态。
Ⅲ. agree on /upon “对??取得一致意见”指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或达成了某种协议。如:
① After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 经过讨论,双方就停火问题达成了协
议。
② They all agree on the plan.他们对这个计划意见一致。 [注]:此句型可转换成agree in doing sth.如:
① All of them agreed on / upon it. = All of them agreed in doing it. 他们对做这个问题达成了共识。
§11 at times / at all times / all the time
Ⅰ. at times “不时;偶尔”如:
① The tide is , at times, very high. 潮水有时涨得高。
② I make mistakes at times when I speak English. 我说英语偶尔会出错。 Ⅱ. at all times.“随时;任何时候;总是” 如:
He has a cool head at all times. 他随时都有清醒的头脑。
Ⅲ. all the time “一直;始终” 其中time用单数形式。如: The baby cries all the time. 那婴儿一直哭。
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§12. alive/ living/ the living/ live/ dead
Ⅰ. alive adj“活着的”“在世的”,它既可修饰人也可修饰物。可作表语,定语。作定语时,应放在被修饰的名词之后。如:
① They were alive and as happy as ever. 他们都还活着,并跟以前一样快活。
② All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive. 所有的同志
都还活着亡了,他是唯一的幸存者。
Ⅱ.living adj,“活着的”主要用着定语,常置于名词前,有时也可置于名词后。也可作表语。如:
① Every living person has a name. 每个活着的人都有一个名字。 ② No man living could do better. 当代人没有一个能做得比这更好。 Ⅲ. the living “活着的人”如:
The living are more important to us than the dead.对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。 Ⅳ. live adj. “活着的”读着[laiv],反义词为 dead, 可作定语,放在所修饰的名词之前,一般不用来修饰人。 还可以作动词,读着[liv], 意为“生活”、“生存”如: ① The cat was playing with a live mouse. 这只猫在玩弄一只活老鼠。
② Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China. 熊猫通常生活在中国的南部和
东南部。
Ⅴ. lively adj. [?laivli](livelier, liveliest) “生动的”;“活泼的”;“充满生气的”用作表语或定语,可用来修饰人或物。如:
The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games. 运动场上进行着各种球类比赛,呈现出一派生气勃勃的景象。
§13. all/ every
Ⅰ. all 和 every 意思十分相近,二者都可用来泛指人或物。但all可与算数的名词连用,而every 只能与单数的名词连用。如:
① All Mondays are horrible. 星期一总是可怕的。
② Every Monday is horrible. 每个星期一都是可怕的。 Ⅱ. all 和 every 也可用来指某一类东西中的个体。但all 后跟the 或其它“限定词”,而every后却不能。它往往强调无一例外的意思。
--She is eaten all the biscuits[?biskit]. –What, every one? –Every single one! 她把饼干都吃光了。怎么,把每一块都吃光了吗?每一块全都吃了!
Ⅲ. all 还可和单数名词连用,表示every past of 而every却不能有此义。如: She was here all day. 她在这呆了一整天。
§14. all/ whole
Ⅰ. 二者意义(“全部、都、整个”)相同,然而词序不同。 Ⅱ. all用于冠词,所有格或其它“限定词”之前。 whole 则用于冠词之后。如:
① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部时间 ② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生
③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整个混乱状况。
Ⅲ. 如果没有冠词,或其它限定词,whole不能与单数名词连用。可以说: ① The whole city was burning.但不能说: ② Whole London was burning. Ⅳ.whole 和 all 与复数名词连用时意思不同。Whole 的意思为“全部”,而all的意思则近乎“每一个”如:
① All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America. 所有印第安人部
首都因白人移民美洲而遭殃。
② Whole Indian tribes were killed off. 有些印第安人部落整个被杀光了。 Ⅴ. whole 一般不用来修饰不可数名词(包括物质名词) ① 可以说:all the money 或all the wine
② 不可以说:the whole money 或the whole wine.
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③ The whole of = whole 与单数名词连用。它用于冠词、所有格之前。
the whole of the time. the whole of my life
the whole of this confusion
§16 almost/ nearly
Ⅰ. almost“差不多、几乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如: ① He has almost finished his work. 他差不多完成了他的工作。 ② Almost no one took any rest. 几乎没有一个人休息一下。
Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、几乎、将近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如: ① It?s nearly five o?clock.差不多五点钟了。
② Nearly everyone knows it. 几乎每个人都知道这个。 ③ He?s nearly ready. 他快准备好了。 [注]:almost有时可与nearly通用,但当其与no, none, nothing, never连用时,不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互换,但例②则不能。
§17 alone/ lonely
Ⅰ. alone adj. “单独的”只能作表语。如:
① I?m alone but I don?t fell lonely. 我单身一人但我从不觉得孤独。 ② 此外alone 还可作副词。相当于by oneself,“单独地”“独自” ③ I?ll go there alone.我将独自去那儿。 Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤独的”“寂寞的”有时还可表示“荒凉的”“无人烟的”意思,与deserted意思相同。含有较浓的情感色彩。既可作定语也可作表语。如: ① We?re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely. ② a lonely / deserted island
§18 aloud/ loud/ loudly
Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出声地”有使能听得到的意味。如: ① Please read the story aloud. 请朗读这个故事。 ② They were shouting aloud.他们在高声地呼喊。
Ⅱ. loud. adv “高声地、大声地、响亮地”常指在说笑等方面。如: ① Don?t talk so loud. 不要如此高声地谈话。 ② Speak louder. 说得大声点。
Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高声地”有时与loud 通用,但含有喧闹的意味。如: ① Someone knocked loudly at the door. 有人大声敲门。 ② Don?t talk so loudly(loud). 不要如此高声地谈话。
§19 already/ yet /still
Ⅰ. already. adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中,通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。也可用于疑问句,但不表真心的疑问,而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。如: ① I?ve seen the film already.
② The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。
③ Have you already had breakfast? 难道你已经吃过早餐了?
Ⅱ. yet adv “已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句,且常常置于句末。如: ① He hasn?t found his bike yet他还没有找到他的自行车。
Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、还”可用于各种句中,且一般只用于句中。如: ① Do you still teach in that school? 你还在那所学校教书? [注]:still在句中的位置不同,其意义也不同。如: ① He is still(还)standing there.
② He is standing there still(adj.不动的、静止的)他站在那儿一动也不动。
§20 also/ as well/ too/ either “也”
Ⅰ. also较正式,位置通常靠近动词,用于句中;且用于肯定句中。如: ① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。 ② I was also there.我也在那儿。
Ⅱ. too 多用于口语,通常置于句末,前边须用逗号隔开,也可用于句中,且前后均须用逗
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