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the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price. 04 Electricity
The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.
Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity. All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.
The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.
05 The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the \area\and the \In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities. Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds. 06 Television
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Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.
The word \interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image. Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer. 07 Andrew Carnegie p
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.
Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. \often said.
Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.
Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.
写好考博作文的几点看法
本人也曾是考研、考博大军中的一员，深知作文的好坏直接影响总分，怎样才能得到好的
分数呢？主要有以下几点体会：一是要背一些句型，各种长短句的搭配运用能有效提高作文的档次，当然分值也就提高了；二是要记一些不同类型作文的框架，针对不同的题材，通过修饰、润色，基本
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就差不多了；三是要学会举例子，在写到山穷水尽时，不妨来个例子，尽可在不偏离主题的情况下自由发挥，要求的字数也就上去了。这仅仅是我自己感觉写作中较重要的三点，不能以偏概全，其他还有许多要注意的问题，由于本文篇幅所限，不再赘述，这也只是应试的小体会，要真正提高写作能力，诸君要多练、多体会才是。仿照下面几篇文章，大家改写试试，说不定会有所帮助。 1.Directions:
Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who don’t agree with it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper based on the following outline.
1. Role of women in modern society
2. Prejudices and discrimination against women 3. My comment
You should write about 200 words within 40 minutes.
Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses which are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society.
There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough. They believe that women are the weaker sex – both physically and emotionally. Thus, women are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. According to them, a woman’s place is
within the protective environment of the home. Secondly, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women.
Personally, I’m firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders. Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (242 words)
2.Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table care fully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. You should quote as few figures as possible.
Outline: 1. Changes in people’s daily expanses in the past five years 2. Possible reasons for the changes 3. My own conclusion
Year Item1997 1998199920002001 Food65`HB5% Clothing5%7% Recreation3%5%7%8% Others24&368% Total1000000%
In the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 per cent in 2001. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 15% in 2001. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other
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expenses.
What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. To begin with, with the rapid development of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too.
In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. (219 words)
3．Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write within 40 minutes a composition of 200 words about ―The Role of Migrant Workers‖. You can agree and/or disagree, completely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should supporting reasons.
As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They are an indispensable part of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of construction projects would have to be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, which enhances the consumption of food and daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cites. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities.
However, as a popular saying goes, ―Everything has two sides‖. The same is the case with migrant workers. Firstly, most of them are not well educated and professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know. Illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to make trouble, thus endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just to make money. Being illiterate or unskilled, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society.
In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything. We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)
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2011年考博英语作文范文及万能模板
