并列连词and,or,but,so用法
英语中,连词是连接单词、短语或者句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独做任何成分。按照性质,连词可以分为并列连词和从属连词。由并列连词连接的两个(或两个以上)简单句叫做并列句,由从属连词连接的句子叫做主从复合句。并列连词可以用来表示并列关系、转折关系、选择关系或因果关系等。
1.and的用法
并列连词and意为“和,又”,表示并列关系,常用来连接表示对等成分的单词、短语或者句子,表示意思的顺延或增补。例如: (1) 表示联合,意为“和”、“又”、“而且”:
Our Maths teacher is kind and heipful.我们数学老师和蔼可亲而且乐于帮助我们。(连接连个形容词)
We were cold and hungry. 我们饥寒交迫。
I woke up and got out of bed. 我醒了就起床了。
He played the piano and she sang. 他弹钢琴,她唱歌。
(2) 有时用于连接两个相同的词语,表示连续性:
I went to the supermarket and bought some vegetables this morning.今天早上我去超市买了一些蔬菜。(连接两个动词短语,表示意思的顺延,动作的先后发生)
连接两个相同的比较级,表示“越来越……”。如: It moves faster and faster. 它动得越来越快。
Your work is getting better and better. 你的工作干得越来越好了。 连接两个相同的动词,表示动作的反复或连续。如: He coughed and coughed. 他咳个不停。
He tried and tried but without success. 他试了又试,但没有成功。 The boys laughed and laughed. 这些孩子笑个不停。
连接两个相同的名词,表示“许多”或“有各种各样的” (即有好的也有坏的)。如:
They talked for hours and hours. 他们谈了很长时间。
There are books and books. 有各种各样的书(即书有好坏之分)。 We waited for hours and hours. 我们一直等了好几个小时。 【注】但有时连接两个相同名词表示不同的质量和种类:
There are dictionaries and dictionaries. 词典很多,有好有坏。
Don’t worry—there are rules and rules. 别担心——规则与规则不一样。 (3)连接句子
Her uncle gave her a new bike as her birthday present and she liked it very much.她叔叔给了他一辆新自行车作为生日礼物,她非常喜欢。(连接连个简单句,表示意思的顺延,并列句)
(4)and用作并列连词有多重含义,除了表示并列关系外,还可以表示目的(and之后)常用于口语中用在 come, go, run, stay, stop, try 等之后表示目的,大致相当于不定式符号 to。例如:
Come and see my family.来见见我家人。(see表示目的) Come and have tea with me. 过来跟我一起喝杯茶。 We ought to stop and think. 我们应该停下来想一想。
(5) 有时用在祈使句后,,表示结果, 意为“那么”(and之前暗示一种条件)。如: Work hard and you’ll pass the examinations (=If you work
hard, you’ll pass the examinations). 努力吧,你考试会及格的。
Arrive late once more and you will be fired (=If you arrive late once more, you’re fired). 再迟到一次,就把你开除。
Work hard and you’ll succeed. 努力干吧,你会成功的。 Be careful, and you will make fewer mistakes.如果仔细,你犯的错误就少)(Be careful表示条件)
Arrive late once more and you’re fired. 你再迟一次,你就会被开除。 比较:If you work hard, you’ll succeed. 如果你努力干,你会成功的。 有时也可以不是用于祈使句后表示结果。如:
One more step and I will fire. 你再动一步,我就要开枪了。 (6) 有时表示对比(有类似but的意思):
He is rich, and (yet) leads a modest life. 他很富有,但却过着朴素的生活。 Robert is secretive and David is candid. 罗伯特深藏不露,而戴维则有啥说啥。 (7) 用在 good, nice, fine 等之后,表示“很”,“挺”: It’s nice and cool under the tree. 这树下很凉快。 The book is good and expensive. 这本书很贵。 (8). 在主从复合句中,不要在主句前误加 and。如: 要是下雨,我们就呆在家里。
正:If it rains, we’ll stay at home. 误:If it rains, and we’ll stay at home.
(9). 某些用 and 连接的两个词,与汉语顺序相反,不要按汉语词序颠倒过来。如:
rich and poor 贫富 land and water 水陆 right and left 左右 north and south 南北 food and drink 饮食 food and clothing 衣食
or的用法
并列连词or意为“或者”,表示选择关系。例如:
(1)Which do you like better ,juice or Coke?果汁和可乐,你更喜欢哪个?(连接两个名词)
(2)Do you often go to school on foot or by bike?你经常步行去上学还是骑自行车去上学?(连接连个介词短语)
(3)You can stay here, or you can leave.你可以待在这里,也可以离开。(连接两个简单句)
另外,在否定句中否定并列成分时,用or,而不用and。例如:
(4)I can't speak English or French.我不会将英语和法语。(不能使用and) 英语中,“祈使句+or+简单句”结构,也是一种常用句型。句型中,or意为“否则”,祈使句相当于一个条件,可以和以“if”引导的条件状语从句进行转换。例如: (5)Put on your coat,or you will catch a cold.穿上你的上衣,否则你会感冒的。=If you don’t put on your coat, you will catch a cold.(转换成以“if ”引导的条件状语从句时,要去掉并列连词or)
but的用法
but 一词既可作连词、介词、副词用,又有一些习惯搭配和固定用法,现对其用法作以下归纳。
一、用作连词
1. 用作并列连词,表示转折关系,所连接的成分意思相反或相对,使其前后的词、短语、分句相互对照,but意为 “但是,然而,可是”解。例如:
Our school is small but beautiful.我们学校虽然小但很漂亮。(连接两个形容词,意思相对)
The car is very old but it runs very fast.虽然小汽车旧了,但跑得很快。 She is young but very experienced. 她虽然年轻但经验丰富。
It was a sunny but not very warm day. 那一天天气晴朗,却不太暖和。 He drives not carefully but slowly. 他开车不是很小心,而是开得很慢。
2. 用于表示歉意的话语之后,表示谢绝或不赞成。例如:
I'm sorry, but I disagree with you. 对不起,我不同意你的意见。 Sorry, but we’re behind schedule. 抱歉,我们落在计划后了。
I’m frightfully sorry, but I can’t see you today. 太对不起了,我今天不能见你。 Excuse me, but I don’t think that’s quite true. 很抱歉,我认为这与事实略有出入。
3. 用于两个并列的分句之间,例如:
I never go past that house but I think of my miserable life in the old society. 我走过那所房子时,没有一次不想起我在旧社会所过的悲惨生活。 This isn’t a good one but it will answer. 这不太好,但可以将就用。
He looks honest, but actually he’s a rogue. 他看起来很老实,实际他是一个坏蛋。
She has had no answer to him but he gave no answer. 我向他说了早上好,但他没有回应。
The ice remained, but there was no water underneath. 冰还在,但下面却没有水。
Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人正要开始讲话,珍妮先讲了。
At first he was a little shy, but now he acts more natural. 开始时他有些腼腆但现在他表现得很自然了。
There was a little trouble at first, but things were soon quiet. 起初有点小麻烦后来情况就平静了。
It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已,一雨倾盆。
二、用作介词
1. 与 no , nobody , nothing , none , who 等词连用,作“除……之外”解,用来排除同类中的一分子,或从整体中除去一部分。例如: Nobody knew her but me. 除我以外,没有人认识她。 Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan. 这个计划只能带来灾难,别无益处。
2. but 前面有 do 的某种形式时, but 后面的动词不定式要省略 to ;其前没有 do 的某种形式时, but 后面的不定式要带 to 。例如: We had no choice but to wait. 除了等待,我们别无选择。
He did nothing all day long but watch TV. 一整天,他除了看电视,别无他事可做。
3. 与 last , next 及 one , two 等连用,作“倒数第二、第三”等解。例如: Jack was the last but one to arrive. 杰克是倒数第二个到达的。 next (last) but one 中,表示“隔壁再过去”
He lives in the next house but one. 他住在隔壁再过去一家。 He was the last but one to arrive. 他是倒数第二个到的。 三、用作副词
1. 意思上相当于 only ,后面跟名词或动词。例如: Tom is but a child. 汤姆只是个孩子。
We can but try now. 我们现在只有尝试一遍。
2. but 出现在 too … to …结构前面时,不定式含肯定意义。例如: I'm but too glad to go there with you. 我非常高兴和你一起去那里。 四、含 but 的习惯用语
1. but for = without ,意为“要不是;如果没有”,意思上相当于一个虚拟条件句。例如:
But for the rain (If it hadn't rained), we would have had a pleasant journey. 要不是天下雨,我们这次旅行就惬意了。
But for your help, we couldn't have carried out the plan. 如果没有你的帮助,我们不可能实现那个计划。
2. but that = except that ,意为“若非;要不是”,引导虚拟条件状语从句。例如: He would have helped me but that he was short of money at that time. 要不是他那时候没钱,他会帮助我的。
3. but then = on the other hand ,意为“不过;在另一方面”。例如: London is a noisy place, but then it's also a place where you get the best entertainment.
伦敦是个闹市,不过它也是能够给你最好娱乐的地方。
4. 用在某些否定语后,如nothing but = only ,意为“只;不过是”。例如: We could see nothing but water. 我们只能看见水。 He eats nothing but hamburgers. 他只吃汉堡包。 She knows no one but you. 她只认识你。
You have nobody but yourself to blame. 只能怪你自己。 No one but me saw her. 只有我看见他。
5. not … but …意为“不是……而是……”,连接两个并列的名词、形容词、副词、短语或分句等。例如:
My bag is not black but red. 我的书包不是黑色的而是红色的。
He failed not because he isn't clever but because he didn't work hard. 他失败了,不是因为他不聪明而是因为他工作不努力。 Not you but I am to blame. 不是你的错而是我的错。 6. no … but 意为“没有……不……”。例如:
No child but likes Old Li in our village. 没有孩子不喜欢我们村里的老李。 7. not only … but also … 意为“不但……而且……;既……又……”,连接两个并列成分。例如:
Not only you but also she has to attend the meeting. 不但你而且她也得参加这次会议。
He not only teaches us English but also does other things for us. 他不但教我们英语,而且还为我们干别的事情。
8. not that … but that …意为“不是因为……而是因为……”。例如: Not that the car is out of order, but that I've not learned to drive. 不是汽车出了故障,而是我还没有学会开车。
9. can't help but do … 意为“不能不……;忍不住……”。例如: I can't help but cry. 我忍不住哭了。
You can’t help but respect them. 你不由得不尊敬他们。
When they gave him a ticket to the game, he couldn’t help but go. 他们给了他一张看球赛的票,他不由得不去。
I can’t help but wonder what I should do next. 我不由得不想知道下一步该怎么办。
【注意】不要按汉语意思将“虽然…但是…”直译为although…but…:
误:Though we are poor, but we are happy. (去掉though或but中任一个)
10. all but 意为“除……外全都,几乎”。例如: