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动词的第三人称单数的单数及发音规则:
1. 一般直接在此为加-s,-s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/, ds读/dz/, ts读/ts 如 help helps/s/ know knows/z/ get gets/s/ read reads/z/ 2. 以字母s, x, ch, sh或有些以o 结尾的动词加-es,-es 读 /iz/, 如
guess guesses fix fixes teach teaches wash washes 注意:go goes/z/ do does /z/
3. 辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,-ies读/iz/ carry carries fly flies
注意:在play---plays,say----says中,字母y前为元音字母,第三人称单数形式直接在动词后加-s 4. 特俗词例外
5. be动词的第三人称单数分别为am, is, are, have则为has
注意:以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是/s/,/z/,加-s后,字母”e”发音,与所加-s一起读作/iz/,如 close closes/iz/
动词的ing变化规则:
1. 一般情况直接加ing,如 look—looking go---going visit---visiting
2. 以不发音的e结尾的,去e再加ing,如 come---coming make---making write---writing 3. 以重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母的,双写该辅音字母,再加ing,如 run---running stop---stopping get---getting swim---swimming begin---beginning 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的,直接加ing,如
study---studying carry---carrying fly---flying cry---crying 5. 以ie结尾的重度开音节动词,先变ie为y,再加ing,如 die---dying tie---tying lie---lying
动词的过去式变化规则:
1. 规则变化
(1) 一般直接在动词后加ed,-ed在清辅音后读/t/, 在浊辅音及元音后读/d,/-ed在/t//d/后读/id/,如 call---called open---opened look---looked want---wanted /id/ need---needed /id/ (2) 以不发音的“e”结尾的,直接加-d ,如 live---lived move---moved hope---hoped
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-ed,(注意:如果是元音字母加y结尾的,
还是直接加-ed,如,play---played, enjoy---enjoyed)如
study---studied cry---cried try---tried
(4) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed,如 plan---planned fit---fitted stop---stopped 2. 不规则变化(要特俗记忆),以下是一些常见的动词的过去式
am,is-was are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went come-came have/has-had eat-ate, take-took run-ran put-put make-made read-read write-wrote draw-drew drink-drank fly-flew ride-rode speak-spoke sweep-swept swim-swam sit-sat hear- heard sleep-slept let-let
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blow-blew hurt-hurt speak-spoke buy-bought keep-kept swim-swam eat-ate catch-caught know-knew stand-stood choose-chose lie-lay leave-left draw-drew teach –taught drink-drank make- made tell-told think-thought mean-meant
feel-felt drive-drove meet-met write –wrote find-found fly-flew forget -forgot ring -rang see -saw ride-rode
grow-grew sing-sang/sung begin-began learn-learned/learnt
可数名词变复数的规则:
1. 规则变化:
(1) 一般情况下,在词尾加-s, 如book---books boy---boys
(2) 以-s, -x,-ch, -sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es,如bus---buses watch---watches (3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,再加-es, 如city---cities family---families
(4) 以-f或-fe结尾的分两类,一类直接加-s,另一类大多数情况下,将-f或-fe改为v,再加
-es,如,roof---roofs belief---beliefs leaf---leaves life---lives knife---knives
2. 不规则变化
(1) 元音字母发生变化 man---men tooth---teeth goose---geese (2) 词尾变化 child---children mouse---mice
(3) 单复数同形 sheep---sheep deer---deer fish---fish
另附清辅音与浊辅音:
清辅音: [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [ts] [t∫] [tr] [h]
浊辅音:[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [δ] [з] [dz] [dз] [dr] [r]
音节分为开音节和闭音节,
3. 开音节又分为相对开音节和绝对开音节
(1) 相对开音节:“以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e”结
尾的叫相对开音节。这里元音字母发自己本身的音。如,cake, grade, name, bike
(2) 绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的叫绝对开音节。如,he, she, me,
no,go
2.闭音节:以“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母”结尾的叫闭音节,如,get, put,
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pen, ten, let
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