音标复习
1. 英语 字母 ---- 英语( English )所基于的字母,共 26 个。分为 元音字母 和 辅音字母 。其中 a, e, i, o, u 为元音字母, 其它为辅音字母;
*元音字母不一定是元音发音,如字母 u, 它发 / ?/ 时,是元音,但发 /j u :/ 时,是辅音 / j / 和元音 / u:/ 的组合。所以我们会说 a usual day , an unusual day , 所以单词发音对我们英语学习还有不少影响。
2. 音标--- 词的语音形式,是用来标记每一个词或字母的读音的书面符号。
国际音标 ---- 国际语音学协会拟定的一套全世界各族语言都适用的标音 符号。
英语国际音标共 48 个,分元音和辅音。 按基本分法,元音分单元音和双元音。 元音:
单元音( 12 个)
[ i :] , [e 或ε ] , [ ɑ:] , [ ? :] , [ ?:或?:] , [u :] , [i ] , [ ?] , [ ?] , [ ? ] , [ ?或?] , [u]
单元音中 [ i :] ,[ ɑ:] [ ? :] ,[ ?:或 ?:] ,[u :] 为长元音, 其余单元音为短元音; 双元音( 8 个)
[ei] [ai] [ ?i] [ ?u] [au] [i ?] [ ε?] [u ?] 所有双元音都是长元音 辅音:
清辅音( 11 个)
[p] ,[t] ,[k] ,[f] , [ θ] ,[s] ,[ ? ] , [t ? ] ,[ts] ,[tr] , [h] 浊辅音( 11 个)
[b] ,[d] , [g] , [v] , [ e] ,[z] ,[ ?] , [d ?] , [dz] ,[dr] ,[r] , 鼻音( 3 个) [m] , [n] , [ ? ] , 边音( 1 个) [l]
半元音( 2 个) [w] ,[j]
3. 什么叫 音节?
英语的单词至少包含一个音节。
音节一般以元音为主进行划分,每个音节一般由 一个元音字母 或一个元音字 母组合加上一个或几个辅音 构成。
如:dog [d ? g], head [hed] 等,这些单词只有一个音节,叫做 单音节词 。
含有两个音节的词叫做 双音节词 ,如:student[ ′stju:d ?nt] 。 含有三个或三个以上的音节叫做 多音节词 ,如 :medical [ ′medik?l] 。
4. 什么叫 重音 ?
在双音节词和多音节词中有一个音节读得特别重而强,其他音节读得相对轻 一些或弱一些,这种读音强弱现象合在一起叫做单词重音。 5. 什么叫 重读闭音节 ?
先了解什么是“闭音节” ,要满足两个条件:
条件 1) ——以 一个辅音字母( r 除外)结尾 ,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节 成为闭音节,如: desk [desk], big [big] 。这里元音字母不是发它本身的字母音。
或者这样来记:闭音节 ------ 辅音+元音+辅音 ,如:sit ,bed ,bad ,bag , hot , hop , let , mad, map, head
条件 2)——元音字母在闭音节中读它们的 短音。
如:a 读作[ ?] ,e 读作[e] ,i 读作[ i ], o 读作[ ? ] ,u 读作[u] 或[ ? ] 等。 如果闭音节重读,就叫重读闭音节。或者说:
(1). 必须是重读音节;
(2). 中间只有一个元音字母,而最后只有一个辅音字母; (3). 元音字母发短元音。
单词变形要特别注意的几点
6.什么时候 双写末字母加 ed 或 ing ? —— 重读闭音节 。
注意: 以-r 音节结尾的词,虽然不是闭音节,但如果是重读音节,也要双写 r 字 母, 再加-ed ,如 prefer--- preferred ;refer---referred ;
7.什么时候 去 e 加ing ?------ 以不发音字母 e 结尾 的动词,去 e,再加 ing 另外:
1) 以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,直接加— d。 例如: live —lived, hope —hoped
2) 以“辅音字母 +y” 结尾的动词,变 y 为 i 再加— ed 。例如: study —studied, cry —cried
3) 以元音字母加 y 结尾的词,直接加 -ed played, enjoyed , stayed, destroyed
动词 ing 形式双写 的有:sit, put, get, stop, begin, swim, prefer, travel, run,set, shut, spit, split, dig, cut, win 等
动词加 ed 双写的有:stop ,drop ,fit , prefer , permit, travel (travel 可双写也可不双写) ,还有
beg ---- begged ---- begging drip ---- dripped ---- dripping
prefer---preferred refer---referring fit ---- fitted ---- fitting hug ---- hugged ---- hugged equip-equipped---equipping
plan ---- planned ---- planning rid ---- ridded ---- ridding
rob ---- robbed ---- robbing regret ---- regretted ---- regretting rub ---- rubbed ---- rubbing submit----submitted 等
常见字母组合的音标
[ ei ]
ay—way, say, play, pay, may, lay ai—rain, tail, pain, nail, paint ey—they, grey ei—eight ea—break [ i: ]
ea—eat, clean, sea, tea, pea, teacher, leave, please, peach, meat, leaf, weak ee—bee, see,jeep, teeth, feet, green, street, sheep, week, meet [ e ]
ea—bread, head, headmaster, sweater, sweat [ ai ]
ie—tie, pie, lie, die
ei—either,write (开音节) igh—light, fight, night, tight, high, right, sight y—sky, fly, dry, cry, try, my, type, spy [ ou ]
ow—yellow, low, bowl, window, show, know, row oa—boat [ ju: ] ui—suit ew—few, new [ u: ]
ue—Sue, blue, glue ui—fruit, juice, suit ,two
oo—moon, zoo, food, room, classroom, rooster, too, boots, roof [ u ]
oo—book, foot, wool, cook, look, tool u—put, full, pull [ a: ]
ar—car, arm, card, park, garden, are, class, hard, farm, cart
[ ?: ]
or— morning, fork, horse, or, orange, short, for al— small our— four oor— door
au— August, naughty, autumn aw— paw, draw, strawberry [ ? ]
oi— coin, oil, point, noise, noisy, poison oy— boy, toy, destroy
[ ?: ] er— her
ir — birthday, dirty, bird, girl, sir ur— turn, fur, hurt, nurse, turtle, purse or— work ear— learn
[ ? ]
er— sister, brother, under, winter, marker, mother, rubber, perhaps or— actor
[ au ]
ou— house, mouth, out, count, out, round, playground, our, shout, mouse ow— towel, cow, how, brown, flower, tower, down, now [ i?]
ere— here
ear— hear, dear, ear eer— deer
[ε?]
air — chair, pair, , hair, upstairs
are— care, share, hare ear— pear, bear, wear
eir— their
ere— there, where oor[ u ?]— poor
all [ ?: l ] — call, tall, fall, ball, wall, all bl [ bl ] — blue, black, blouse, block
pl [ pl ] — plane, play, plus
gl [ gl ] — glue, glass, glove, globe
cl [ kl ] — clock, , class, cloud, clean, climb, close, clap fl [ fl ] — fly, floor, flower, flay, flat, flu ble [ bl ] — table dle [ dl ] — needle kle [ kl ] — sickle
ple / pil [ pl ] — apple, people, pupil tle [ tl ] — turtle, kettle, bottle cil [ sl ] — pencil
sc [ sk ]— school, scale, scarf sk [ sk ]— skip, skate, skin
sp [ sp ]— spoon, speak, spend, spell, spaceship
st [ st ]— stamp ,upstairs, still, instead, store, stand, student, stay, start, stick sl [ sl ]— slow, sleep, slice, slot, slippery
sm [ sm ]— smile, small, snake, smell sn [ sn ]— snowman, snow, snake
sw [ sw ]— sweet, swim, swallow
br [ br ] — bright, brown, bread, brother, Briggs pr [ pr ] — price, prize cr [ kr ] — cream, cry, Crisp
gr [ gr ] — grey, grow, grass, ground, green, grandma fr [ fr ] — friend, fruit, front, French, frog
tr [ tr ] — try, traffic, tree, train, truck, street
dr [ dr ] — dream, dry, drop, draw, drive, dress, drink, drum, bedroom, wardrobe wr [ r ] — write, wrist ck [ k ] — back, packet
ch [ t∫]— chair, chicken, cheese, church, bunch, bench, beach sh [∫]— she, sheep, shirt, ship, fish, dish, push th [ θ]— three, thin, thumb, thirsty, thank, thick, bath th [ e ]— this, that, then, these, those, brother, father, mother, with ng [ ? ]— sing, thing, English, hungry, long ph [ f ] — photo, elephant, telephone
wh [ w ] — white, when, which, sandwich, wheat, where wh [ h ] — who, whose, whom kn [ n ] — know, knee, knife, knock