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曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释CHAPER2-4（中英版）
CHAPTER 2
Thinking Like an Economist
Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms
循环流量图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology
生产可能性边界：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。 Microeconomics: the study of how house- holds and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
微观经济学：研究家庭与企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科
Macroeconomics: the study of economy- wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀，失业和经济增长的学科。
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Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is
实证表述：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。
Normative statements: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be
规范表述：试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。
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CHAPTER 3
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Absolute advantage: the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer
绝对优势：一个生产者用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。
Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item
机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 Comparative advantage: the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
比较优势：一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产某种物品的能力。
Imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically 进口品：在国外生产而在国内销售的物品
Exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroad 出口品：在国内生产而在国外销售的物品。
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CHAPTER 4
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
市场：由某种物品或服务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price
竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。
Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase
需求量：买者愿意并且能够购买的一种物品的数量。 Law of demand: the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises
需求定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升对该物品的需求量减少的观点。
Demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
需求表：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的表格 Demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of
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a good and the quantity demanded
需求曲线：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的图形。 Normal good: a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
正常物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。
Inferior good: a good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand
低档物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。
Substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
替代品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的增加的两种物品。
Complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
互补品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的减少的两种物品。
Quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
供给量：卖者愿意并且能够出售的一种物品的数量。 Law of supply: the claim that, other things being equal, the
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释2-4（中英）
