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1.Annual ring(年轮)：the early wood and late wood arise alternate in a year,formed ~ 2. Pharmaceutical botany :pharmaceutical botany is utilizing common botany knowledge and method to study plants that possesses prevention and cure illness as well as health protection function. 3.Phloem ray(韧皮射线):the seondary ray located in phloem called phloem ray two parts of this is terned vascular ray维管射线 4.Dorsi-ventral leaf（两面叶）：the lamina(叶片）has distinctions in appearance and structure between upper and lower surfaces and characteristic reticulate venation of dicotyls(双子叶植物)
5.Multiple epidermis(复表皮) : most species epidermis is only one layer cell ,but few species can be several layer cells termed multiple epidermis.
6.Rhytidome(落皮层):the older periderm(周皮) and inner dead tissue compound body separated by new periderm is called rhytidome. 7.Early wood(早材)：in spring, the large thin wall xylem(木质部) ducting(导管) cell are formed，called early wood
8. Late wood :in autumn, the small ,thickened wall xylem ducting cells are formed called~ 9.Heart wood(心材): central part of xylem ,color heavy hard , contain many metabolish products. 10.Sap wood(心材)：outside part of xylem ,color light, soft,conducting function.
11.Intra-fascicular cambium(束中形成层): between the xylem and phloem(韧皮部) groups,the vascular bundles include a region of potentially meristematic(分生细胞) cells formed ~ 12.Medullary ray (髓射线): it is called primary ray also ,a tissue region between vascular bundles(维管束) ,it connects the cortex(皮质) and pith(髓) in primary stems, consisting of parenchyma, it mainly cross transmission and storage.
13.root skin: in botany ,root skin is periderm. in pharmaceutical botany, root skin is outer part of cambium(形成层), include phloem and periderm(周皮).
14.secondary ray(次生射线): when the cambium active ,it divedes some parenchyma at some position, and radial arrangement, the cells are showing radial lengthen cross in secondary vascular tissue
15.xylem ray(木射线): the secondary ray located in xylem called ~
16.Phloem ray(韧皮射线): the secondary ray located in phloem called ~
17.pericycle(中柱鞘):the external layer of the vascular cylinder(维管柱) is the pericycle ,adjacent to the endoderm(皮层).
18.endogenous(生源): lateral roots arise in the deeper tissue of root ,origin from pericycle ,termed endogenous
19.radial vascular bundle(辐射性维管束): location between the xylem angles ,arranged in alternate manner, it is termed~
20.exarch(外始式): proxylem (原木质部)groups located the outside of primary xylem ,termed~ 21.casparian strip(凯氏带): the 2 radial and 2 end walls are showing strip shape thickened on the inner surface of cell wall, termed ~
22.casparian dot(凯氏点): in transverse section the casparian strip is showing like dot on radial walls ,termed~
20.Passage cell (通道细胞): usually we can find without casparian strip thickened endodermis cells that located opposite the xylem ,the cells are called~
21.organ:the part of plant body that possesses certainly outer shape and inner structure and composed of several tissues, carry out a same physiological function is termed ~
22.companion cell: occurring side of the sieve cell, small, slender cell, cytoplasm abundant,
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retain nucleus after maturity, contact with sieve tubes.
23.crystal fiber: the parenchyma(薄壁组织) cells contain crystal that surrounded the fiber bundle.
24．Phellem [cork layer]木栓层: outer layer is phellem ,arranged in radial raw. 25.phellogen[cork cambium]木栓形成层：middle layer is ~, only 1 layer cell
26.phelloderm[green cork]栓层: inner layer is phelloderm indistinct with cortical parenchyma, in stem, usually contain chloroplast termed the green cortex 27.lenticels(皮孔) ：under the stoma ,the periderm(周皮) broken.
28.filled cell: the phellogen divided many parenchyma cells into outer of it, they are loosely arrangement, no suberization(栓化) ,termed~
29.stomata: the ~ is composed of 2 guard cells and a pore(孔) in dicotyledonous(双子叶植物) 30.guard cell: specialized epidermal(表皮) cells that surrounded pore are called~ 31.accessory cell: in conjunction with the guard cells ,outer adjacent and distinctive epidermal cells may assist in opening and closing the pore ,these are known as~
32.glandular hair(腺毛)：the ~comprise those whose terminal cell or cells are modified into a more or less globular gland for gummy ,resinous, or oily deposits.
33.differentiation(分化)：the process of the growth and morpho~physiological specialization of the cells produced by the meristems is called~
34.tissue: each group of cells similar in source, structure, and function is called~ 35.plasmodesmata(胞间连丝)：the ~ connect the protoplasts of neighboring cells. they are present almost in all living cells of higher plants. 36.pits(纹孔)：certain position of the cell wall remain thin even as the secondary wall is formed and they, therefore, consist only of primary wall and middle layer.
37.pit-pair: generally each pit has a complementary pit exactly opposite it in the wall of the neighboring cell. such pits from a morphological and functional unit called~
38.pit cavity(纹孔腔)：the cavity formed by the break the secondary wall is called ~
39.pit aperture(纹孔口): the opening of the pit on the inner side of the cell wall ,i.e. on that side facing the lumen of the cell ,is called ~
40.torus(纹孔塞)：in some plants there are bordered pit pairs in which the pit membrane is thickened in its central portion ,this thickening, which is of a primary nature ,is disc shaped and is termed~
41.bordered pit(具缘纹孔): the main characteristic of bordered pits is that the secondary wall develops over the pit cavity to form an overarching roof with a narrow pore in its center. 42.middle lamella (胞间层): the ~ is the cement that holds the individual cells together to form the tissues and it is found between the primary cell walls of neighboring cells, it is an amorphous substance.
43.primary wall: in the process of cell growth ,the pectin(果胶质), cellulose(纤维素),and hemicellulose(半纤维素) etc. Substance secrete by protoplasts active, add and fill them on the inner surface of the middle lamella forming the ~
44.secondary wall: the ~ is added on the inner surface of the primary wall after the cell stop growth .main elements are cellulose ,hemicellulose and less lignin(木质素) . 45.hilum(脐点)：starch grains commonly show layering around a point termed ~ The layers are termed annular striation lamellae(层纹)
46.cell sap(细胞液)：tonoplast is vital protoplast, and inner fluid content of it is termed ~
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47.organelle(细胞器): a membrane enclosed different specific structure in the cytoplasm ,everyone possesses specific function to the life of the cell.
48.cytoplasm(细胞质)：the ~basis comprises part of the protoplast ,between cell wall with nucleus.
49.centroplasm(中质): the position that between 2 membrane is termed ~
50.protoplast(原生质体)：the all living part of a cell .in a plant cell this includes the cytoplasm ,nucleus, cell membrane, plastid(质体) ,golgi body, ribosome(核糖体), lysosome(溶酶体) etc organelles
51.sexual reproduction(有性生殖):the formation of new individual of a species by the fusion(融合) of two normally haploid gametes(合子) to form a diploid zygote is called ~ 52.asexual reproduction(无性生殖):the formation of new individuals from the parent without the fusion of gametes is called~
53.spore(孢子): spore is usually a simple asexual unicellular reproductive unit ,produced by the sporophyte(孢子体) generation following meiosis and are thus usually haploid(单倍体) 54.gametophyte(配子体): the gametophyte can produce gamete(配子) ,usually is haploid generation in the life cycle of a plant
55.gamete(配子): the gamete is a cell or nucleus that may participate in sexual fusion to form a zygote(受精卵)
56.sporophyte(孢子体): the sporophyte is an individual of the diploid(二倍的) generation in the life cycle of a plant
57.life cycle(生活史): in algae and other plants there are the series of events from the production of gametes in one generation to the same stage in the subsequent generation ,the process is called~
58.alternation of generation (世代交替): in most plants ,it usually includes an asexual and a sexual phase resulting in alternating diploid and haploid individuals on the life cycle ,the process is called alternation of generation
59.isogamy(同配): the 2 gametes show similar in shape ,size and action
60.anisogamy(异配): the 2 gametes show similar in shape but different in size and action [the big one is called female gamete, and small one is called male gamete]
61.oogamy(卵配): the 2 gametes of show different in shape ,size and action 62.scientific name(学名): it is a unity latin name and defined by international plant commission nomenclature(命名法) code
63.species(种): possessed alike morphological feature ,without intermediate form ,members of a species can interbreed freely, possessed fixed geographical location 64.double fertilization(双受精): in angiosperm reproductive process: one sperm cell unites with one egg cell to form the 2N zygote be development--->2N embryo. one sperm cells unites with 2polar nuclei by development --->3N endosperm .the event is termed ~ 65.ventral suture(腹缝线): the united position of carpel edge
66.dorsal suture(背缝线): the midrib vein of carpel (modified leaf)
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辽宁中医药大学--药植名词解释(英)
