复合句 句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：简单句， 并列句， 主从复合句 1、 简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句 2、 并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：The food was good, but he had little. 分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。 第一种 and型, ( and, both A and B, not only A but also B, neither A nor B ) 1.The camera takes good pictures, and the price is reasonable. 2.He doesn’t care for money, nor does he care for houses 第二种 or型 （ or, either ... or ） 1.The children can go with us , or they can stay at home. 2.Take a map with you, or you will be lost. 第三种 but型 ( but, while… ) He doesn’t earn much, but he spends money freely. Some people waste food, while others have none. 第四种 for型 1. He must have done something wrong, for the teacher called him to the office. 3、复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 如果一个句子充当另一个句子的组成部分， 如主语、 宾语、 表语、同位语、定语、状语等，具有这样结构的句子称为主从复合句。充当某一成分的句子称为从句，带着从句的句子称为主句。从句对主句的关系是从属关系。主句和从句之间有一定的连接词加以连接。从属关系的复合句包括名词性从句(Nominal Clauses)（包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句（Relative Clauses）、状语从句（Adverbial Clauses）。 （一）名词性从句：在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，这些从句统称为名词性从句。 （1）主语从句 大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语，这主要是为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种： a. It is + 名词 + that从句 It's a pity that we can't go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 b.It is + 形容词 + that从句 It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 c.It + 动词 + that从句 It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。 d.It is + 过去分词 + that从句 It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 注意： 用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有： It is said that... 据说……It is reported that... 据报导……It is well known that... 众所周知…… It is believed that... 人们相信……It is thought that... 人们认为…… （2）宾语从句 宾语从句 The Object Clause，在复合句中作主句的宾语，它属于名词性从句。它可以作主句谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。1.连接词（引导词）从属连词 that ，if ，whether 连接代词 who， whom， whose， which， what连接副词 when ，where ，how ，why 2.语序： 从句的词序用陈述语序（主+ 谓） 3.时态：如主句的时态如果是过去时，从句的时态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化。一般来说宾语从句的时态作以下相应的变化 注意： 1．使用宾语从句还有一个要注意的问题是在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词移到主句谓语上，而将从句的谓语变为肯定形式。I don't think he has time to play football with you.我想他没有时间和你踢足球。 （二）状语从句： 状语从句 Adverbial Clause，从句用作状语称为状语从句。根据用途，状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、结果、目的、比较等状语从句。 1、 时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间，常用的关联词有when, until, as, after, before, since, as soon as, whenever等等。 1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful. 2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework. 2. 原因状语从句 原因状语从句表示原因或理由，常用的关联词有because, as, since, for, 1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food. 2) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else. 3. 条件状语从句 条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件，引导从句所用的关联词有if, unless等等。 1. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 2. You'll be late,unless you hurry. 4. 让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念，使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有although, though, even if, even though, as, however, while, no matter+特殊疑问词， 1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease. 5. 结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示结果， 常由连词so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, 1) She was so frightened about the dog that she cried. 2) They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them. 6.比较状语从句 常用的关联词有 than, as…as, not so…as, the more…the more 1) Air is to men as water is to fish. 7.目的状语从句 目的状语从句表示目的，常用关联词so that, in order that等引导。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成 1) We arrived early so that we could get good seats. 8. 方式状语从句 方式状语从句表示动作的方式，回答How的问题，常用关联词as, as if, as though。 He acts as if/as though he were the owner.他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的。 （三）定语从句 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等 （1）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 1） 先行词指人，关系代词用who, whom, that，这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词， Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2）先行词指物， 关系代词用which, that，它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等， The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 4) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。 b)先行词既有人，又有物时,只用that。 了解内容： （2）关系副词引导的定语从句先行词是指时间、地点或理由的名词，引导词可用关系副词并在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why 是关系副词，它们的含义相当于\介词+ which\结构，因此常常和\介词+ which\结构交替使用.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 2）怎样判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面跟宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词后不跟宾语，则要求用关系副词。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
难点突破： 1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held？ A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为表语（也是先行词），而where, that, on which都不能起到先行词的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，而关系代词在宾语从句中作宾语，我们就可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
易错讲解：1.分清特殊疑问句与宾语从句语序；
1..–Excuse me, where _____? Do you know? -Yes. I know where _____?
A. Jim lives; he lives B. does Jim live; do he live C. Jim lives; does he live D. does Jim live; he lives 2.分清if 与when 引导宾语与状语从句（词义）；
2. I don’t know _____ he will come tomorrow. _____he comes, I’ll tell you. A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; That D. if; if 3. 分清定语与宾语从句及引导词。 3. Did you hear _____?
A. what did I say B. what I said C. that I said D. I said which
复合句
