3月1日，第一节课
第六页，第四题
The UK
Computing:16/84 Architecture:14/86
Primary school teaching:86/14 The law:37/63 Hairdressing:88/12 The police force:20/80 Nursing:90/10
Banking/insurance:52/48
第六页，第五题
1，True 2，True 3，False 4，True 5，False 6，False
第七页，第三题
1，第一段最后一句 2，第二段第二句话
3，第三段第一行最后一部分及第二行 4，第四段第一、二句话
第七页，第四题
1,We all believe in him,because he always keeps his word. 2,She opt for winter vacation instead of summer.
3,At that political rally, the number of journalists outnumbered the number of guests. 4,In spite of the storm, they took a risk to drive on.
5,When driving, the driver should concentrate his attention on the road.
第八页，第三题
1，I'm waiting for a very important call.
2，I can't go to the cinema tonight because I lost my ticket. 3，I've been waiting for an hour, but he hasn't come yet. 4，Are you going to meet bill tonight? 5，I haven't seen her since I moved here.
第九页，第四题
1，You'd better own up to your faults. 2，The rain interrupted our baseball game. 3，All friends of you will stand up for you. 4，Bad habits are hard to give up.
5，It's better for your body to vent your troubles than to bottle up them.
3月4日，第二节课
翻译（第一个文档：性别差距最后一篇）
The gender gap that gets the most attention, however, is in earnings. The ratio of female earnings to male earnings in full-time, year-round positions has increased greatly since the 1980s, when the ratio stood at 0.6, to a ratio in excess of 0.75 (see Figure 2) today. That is, women’s earnings rose from, on average, about 60 percent of what men made to about 75 percent. Although no comprehensive data exist for the period before about 1950, evidence for major sectors of the economy, when properly combined, suggests that the gender gap in earnings narrowed substantially during two earlier periods in U.S. history. Between about 1820 and 1850, an era known as the industrial revolution in America, the ratio of female-to-male full-time earnings rose from about 0.3, its level in the agricultural economy, to about 0.5 in manufacturing. From about 1890 to 1930, when the clerical 文书and sales sectors began their ascendancy占据优势, the ratio of female earnings to male earnings again rose, from 0.46 to 0.56. But in neither of these periods did married and adult women’s employment expand greatly. Yet, between 1950 and 1980, when so many married women were entering the labor force, the ratio of female earnings to male earnings for full-time, year-round employees was virtually constant, at 60 percent.
然而，最受关注的性别差距在于收入。自20世纪80年代以来，全年全职职位中女性收入与男性收入的比率大幅上升，当时的比率为0.6，而今天的比率超过了0.75（见图2）。也就是说，女性的收入平均从男性收入的60%上升到75%。虽然没有1950年以前的全面数据，但如果将主要经济部门的数据适当地结合起来，可以看出，在美国历史上的前两个时期，收入方面的性别差距大幅缩小。大约在1820年到1850年间，也就是美国的工业革命时期，男女全职收入的比例从农业经济的0.3上升到制造业的0.5。大约从1890年到1930年，当
文书部门和销售部门开始占据优势时，女性收入与男性收入的比率再次上升，从0.46上升到0.56。但在这两个时期，已婚和成年妇女的就业都没有大幅度增加。然而，在1950年至1980年期间，当这么多已婚妇女进入劳动力市场时，全年全职雇员的女性收入与男性收入之比几乎保持不变，为60%。
What accounts for the difference in earnings between men and women? According to the literature, observable factors that affect pay—such as education, job experience, hours of work, and so on—explain no more than 50 percent of the wage gap. The most recent studies, as reported in a review by economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn (2000), found that the fraction explained is now even lower, about 33 percent. The reason is that the decrease in the gender gap in earnings was largely due to an increase in the productive attributes of women relative to men. The remainder of the gap—termed the residual—is the part that cannot be explained by observable factors. This residual could result from workers’ choices or, alternatively, from economic discrimination. Surprisingly, the differing occupations of men and women explain only 10–33 percent of the difference in male and female earnings. The rest is due to differences within occupations, and part of that is due to the observable factors. In just about any year chosen, the ratio of women’s to men’s earnings decreases with age and rises with education. Most telling is that the ratio is higher for single than for married individuals, particularly for those without children. Family responsibilities have been an important factor in slowing women’s occupational advancement over the life cycle.
是什么原因造成男女收入的差异？根据文献，影响工资的可观察因素，如教育、工作经验、工作时间等，解释工资差距不超过50%。经济学家Francine Blau和Lawrence Kahn（2000年）在一篇综述中报道的最新研究发现，目前解释的分数更低，约为33%。原因是，收入性别差距的缩小主要是由于妇女的生产属性相对于男子有所提高。缺口的剩余部分称为残差，是无法用可观察因素来解释的部分。这种残余可能是工人的选择造成的，或者是经济歧视造成的。令人惊讶的是，男女不同的职业只能解释男女收入差异的10%-33%。其余的是由于职业之间的差异，其中一部分是由于可观察到的因素。在选定的任何一年中，男女收入的比例都会随着年龄的增长而下降，随着教育程度的提高而上升。最能说明问题的是，单身人士的比例高于已婚人士，尤其是那些没有孩子的人。家庭责任一直是减缓妇女在整个生命周期中职业发展的一个重要因素。
Many observers have noted the paradox that as married women entered the labor force in steadily increasing numbers between 1950 and 1980, their earnings and occupational status relative to men did not improve. However, that is not as paradoxical as it might seem. Indeed, with so many new female entrants to the labor force, an economist would expect women’s wages to fall (relative to men’s) because of the huge increase in supply. In other words, the pay of women relative to men probably stayed constant not in spite of, but because of, the increase in the female labor force.
许多观察家注意到这样一个矛盾现象：1950年至1980年间，随着已婚妇女进入劳动力市场的人数稳步增加，她们的收入和职业地位相对于男子并没有改善。然而，这并不像看上去那么矛盾。事实上，有这么多新的女性进入劳动力市场，一位经济学家预计，由于供给的大幅增加，女性的工资（相对于男性）会下降。换句话来说，女性相对于男性的薪酬可能保持不变，这不是因为女性劳动力的增加，而是因为女性劳动力的增加。
There is another, complementary reason why the gender gap in earnings was stagnating at the same moment that the gender gap in employment was narrowing. As more and more women entered the labor market, many of the new entrants had very little job market experience and
大学基础英语教科书课后题答案
