星海实验中学2017级英语语法学案
定语从句（一）
一、基本概念 （一） 定语从句
在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句被称为定语从句。 （二） 先行词
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词被称为先行词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，但也有因各种原因将定语从句与先行词分开的现象。 （三）关系代词和关系副词
引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词与先行词关系密切，因此常紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的基本用法
根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。 如下表：
关系词 who 先行词 人 从句成分 主语、宾语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy (whom) she loved died in the war. 备注 whom 关系代词 whose that which whom, which人 宾语 和that在从句中做宾语时，I like those books whose topics are about history. 常可以省略，The boy whose father works abroad is my 但介词提前人、物 定语 classmate. 时后面关系A plane is a machine that can fly. 代词不能省人、物 主语、宾语 She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. 略，也不可以The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. 用that 物 主语、宾语 The picture which was about the accident was terrible. 人、物 主语、宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略 as 例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） ② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） ③ The plan (that/which) they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） ⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语） 注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）
三、关系代词that代替which的一些情况 which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。 但在有些情况下，通常只用that。
1. 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如： ① This is the best that has been used against pollution.
② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
2. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： ① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.
② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
3. 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。例如： ① You should hand in all that you have.
② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
4. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。例如： ① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. ② The little money (that) he had was stolen.
四、宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如：
① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. ② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it. 2. 先行词是those时。例如：
① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.
五、其它情况
1. 先行词既有人又有物时。例如：
① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 2. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如： ① Which is the bike that you lost?
② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?
六、与whose有关的问题
1. whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： ① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
② Please show me the book whose cover is red.
2. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which或者of whom的形式。例如： ① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant. → The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. ② I was introduced to a man whose name was familiar to me.
→ I was introduced to a man the name of whom was familiar to me. → I was introduced to a man of whom the name was familiar to me. 七、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致问题
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如： ① Who is the guy that is reading over there?
② The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. ③ All that needs to be done has been done.
④ He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. ⑤ Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam. 说明：
例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。
例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。
定语从句（二）
一、关系副词的基本用法 关系副词 when where why 表示 时间 地点 原因 从句成分 例句 备注 可用on which等代替 可用in which等代替 可用for which代替 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
1. when的用法
当表时间的名词，如time, period, age, day, year, moment, month, occasion等作先行词时，如果定语从句缺状语，则用when引导，亦可用“介词+which”代替。例如：
① It was November, 12th, 2010 when the Asian Games were held in Guangzhou. ② We are living in an age when many things are done on computers.
2. where的用法
当先行词是表示地点的place, factory, room, play, activity, case, point, situation, scene等名词时，若定语从句缺状语，则用where引导，亦可用“介词+which”替代。例如： ① Can you tell me the office where he works?
② They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
3. why的用法
当先行词是表示原因的名词reason，而且从句又缺状语时，则用why引导，也可用“for which”替代。例如：
① Can you tell me the reason why you didn’t come to his birthday party?
提示：reason 若在定语从句中充当宾语，则用关系代词which或that。例如： ② Is this the reason that he gave at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词通常用which和whom, which指物，whom指人。例如：
① This is the school in which I studied for three years. ② Do you know the singer about whom they are talking?
2. “介词+which”在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因状语，相当于关系副词where, where, why。例如： ① She still remembers the day on which (=when) she entered the university. ② He shows us around the factory in which (=where) he once worked. ③ Can you tell me the reason for which (=why) you are late for school?
3. “不定代词/数词/名词+of which/whom”在定语从句中作主语。例如： three
half
He has ten cousins, 50 percent of whom are clever.
four-fifths
the youngest of whom is clever.
高一英语语法专题 - 定语从句教案
