2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题
Section IUse of English
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD on theANSWERSHEET.(10 points)
InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmay involvenot onlyhisparentsandhisfriends, 1 thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.A young man can 2 a likelyspouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittle tosayintheselection. 4 ,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen. 5 a
spouse hasbeen selected, each familyinvestigates the other to make sure its childismarrying 6 a good family.
Thetraditionalweddingisa longandcolorfulaffair.Formerly itlastedthreedays, 7 by the1980sitmorecommonlylastedaday andahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremonyinvolve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soakedinholywateraroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists,and 10 acandlearoundacircle ofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe 11 .Newlywedstraditionallymovein withthewife’s parentsandmay 12 withthemuptoayear, 13 theycanbuildanew house nearby. Divorceislegalandeasyto 14 ,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare 15 with somedisapproval.Eachspouseretains 16 property heorshe 17 intothe marriage,and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up:thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry 20 the woman must waitten months. 1. [A] bywayof 2. [A] adapt to 3. [A] close 4. [A]Above all 5. [A]Although 6. [A] into 7. [A] since 8. [A] copy 9. [A] folding 10. [A]passing 11. [A] meeting 12. [A]grow 13. [A] whereas 14. [A]obtain 15. [A] isolated 16. [A] whatever
[B] on behalf of [B] provide for [B] renew [B] In theory [B] Lest [B] within [B] but [B] test [B] piling [B] lighting [B] collection [B] part [B] until [B] follow [B] persuaded [B] however
[C] as wellas [C] compete with [C] arrange [C] In time [C]After [C] from [C] or [C] recite [C] wrapping [C] hiding [C] association [C] deal [C] if
[C] challenge [C] viewed [C] whenever
[D] with regard to [D] decided on [D] postpone [D] For example [D] Unless [D] through [D] so [D] create [D] tying [D] serving [D] union [D] live [D] for [D] avoid [D] exposed [D] wherever
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17. [A]changed 18. [A] withdrawn 19. [A]breaks 20. [A] so that
[B] brought [B] invested [B] warns [B] while [C]shaped [C] donated [C] shows [C] once [D] pushed [D] divided [D] clears [D] in that
Section IIReading Comprehension
PartA
Directions：
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby choosingA,B,Cor D. Mark your answerson theANSWERSHEET.(40 points)
Text 1
France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashion industry haslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminary approvallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.
Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat―inciteexcessivethinness‖bypromotingextreme dieting.
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. Theysuggestbeautyshould notbe defined bylooks thatend up impinging onhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodels seems to gobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath–assomehavedone.Ittellsthe
fashionindustry thatitmusttakeresponsibility forthesignalitsendswomen,especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure theymustuse to determine their individual worth.
Thebans,iffully enforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmany men)thattheyshouldnotlet othersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,they hintthatpeopleshouldlookto intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their wayto size zero or wasp-waistphysiques.
TheFrenchmeasures,however,rely toomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethat stillregardsbeautyasskin-deep– andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthat doesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsix months in prison.
The fashionindustryknows ithas an inherentproblemin focusing on materialadornmentand idealizedbody types.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtoset voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.
IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustry agreedlastmonthonrulesand sanctionsregardingtheage, health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.Thenewly revisedDanish FashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:―Weareawareofandtakeresponsibility fortheimpactthe
fashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especially onyoungpeople.‖Thecharter’smaintoolof enforcementis to denyaccessfor designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion
Week(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shamemethod of compliance.
Relyingon ethicalpersuasionratherthanlawto address themisuseofbodyidealsmaybethe
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beststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsof a particular industry.
21.According to the firstparagraph, what wouldhappen in France? [A] New runways would be constructed.
[B]Physicalbeautywould be redefined. [C]Websites aboutdietingwould thrive. [D]The fashion industrywould decline.
22.Thephrase ―impinging on‖(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to [A] heightening the value of [B] indicating the state of [C] losing faith in [D] doingharmto
23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry? [A] Newstandards arebeingset in Denmark. [B]The French measures have alreadyfailed. [C] Models areno longerunderpeerpressure. [D] Its inherentproblems aregetting worse.
.
24.Adesigner is most likelyto be rejected byCFWfor [A] pursuingperfectphysicalconditions [B] caring too much aboutmodel’scharacter [C] showing little concern for health factors [D] setting a high age threshold for models
25.Which of the following maybe the best title of the text? [A]AChallengeto the Fashion Industry’sBodyIdeals [B]ADilemma for the Starving Models in France [C] JustAnotherRoundof Struggle for Beauty [D]TheGreatThreats to theFashion Industry
.
Text2
Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishas hadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate―thecountryside‖alongsidetheroyalfamily, Shakespeareandthe National HealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry, this has limited politicaltraction.
A centuryagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbutto save―thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryone forever‖.Itwas specifically toprovide city dwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience―a refreshingair‖.Hill’spressure laterledtothecreation ofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmake countrysideanymore, and everyyearconcrete consumesmore of it.Itneedsconstantguardianship.
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Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikely toendorsethissentiment.The
Conservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,
evenauthorising―off-plan‖buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainable developmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanning wherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.Only Ukip,sensingits chance,hassidedwiththose pleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.Nigel Farage’sspeechthisyeartotheCampaigntoProtectRuralEngandstruckterrorintomanylocal Conservative parties.
The sensible place tobuild newhouses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and townswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecently identified enough sitesforhalfa millionhousesinthe Londonareaalone, withnointrusion ongreen belt. What is true ofLondon is even truerof the provinces.
Theideathat―housingcrisis‖ equals―concretedmeadows‖ ispurelobby talk.The issueis nottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobby pressure,George Osbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainst urbanrenovationandrenewal. Hefavoursout-of-town shoppingsitesagainst high streets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsand villageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredges
andrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareasinthisway.Why ruinrural ones? Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smost
crowdedcountry.Halfacentury oftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative–thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisrather than promoting itshould unite the leftand rightof the politicalspectrum. 26. Britain’spublic sentimentabout the countryside [A] didn’tstart tillthe Shakespearean age [B] has broughtmuch benefit to the NHS [C] is fullybacked bythe royal family [D] is not well reflected in politics
_.
27.According toParagraph2, the achievements of the NationalTrustare nowbeing [A] graduallydestroyed [B] effectivelyreinforced [C] largelyovershadowed [D] properlyprotected
.
28. which of the following can be inferred fromParagraph 3? [A] Labour is under attack for opposing development. [B]TheConservativesmayabandon―off-plan‖building.
[C]The LiberalDemocrats are losing political influence. [D] Ukip maygain from its support for ruralconservation.
29.Theauthor holds thatGeorge Osborne’s Preference.
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[A] highlights his firmstand against lobbypressure
[B] shows his disregard for the characterof ruralareas [C] stresses the necessityofeasing the housing crisis [D] reveals a strong prejudice againsturbanareas
30. In the lastparagraph, theauthor shows his appreciation of [A] the size ofpopulation inBritain. [B] the political life in today’sBritain [C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain [D] the town-and-countryplanning inBritain
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prize-winningeconomist.―Thatis,touse
Text3
“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,‖wroteMiltonFriedman,a itsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedto
itsprofits.‖ Butevenifyou acceptFriedman'spremise andregardcorporate responsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders'money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutely clear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies—atleast theyare prosecuted for corruption.
Nobel increase social when
The largest firms in America andBritain togetherspendmore than $15 billion a yearon CSR, accordingtoanestimatelastyearby EPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheir businessesinthreeways.First,consumers maytakeCSRspendingasa―signal‖thatacompany's productsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuy acompany'sproductsasan indirectway todonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse―haloeffect‖, wherebyits good deeds earnitgreaterconsideration fromconsumers and others.
PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumers
canbeaffectedbyallthree.A recentpaperattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbribery prosecutionsunder America'sForeignCorrupt Practices Act(FCPA).Itarguesthatsince prosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbe influenced onlybythe halo effect.
Thestudy foundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSR programmestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatit wasfirms'politicalinfluence,ratherthantheir CSRstance,thataccountedfortheleniency: companies thatcontributed more to politicalcampaigns did not receive lower fines.
Inall,theauthorsconcludethatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonly evaluateacasebasedonits merits,theydoseem tobeinfluencedbyacompany'srecordinCSR.―Weestimate thateither eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribing
foreignofficials,‖saysone researcher.
Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinesses
oughttospendon CSR. Nordoes itrevealhowmuch companiesarebankingonthehaloeffect, ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleast they havedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetinto troublewiththelaw,evidenceofgood charactercan win thema less costlypunishment.
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2005-2016年历年考研英语一真题及答案详解
