Definition of tort侵权的定义
Categories of tort侵权行为的分类 Intentional torts故意侵权
Meaning of intent意向书的含义
The main intentional torts主要的故意侵权 Defenses to intentional torts故意侵权的抗辩 Cases for in-class discussion
Negligent tort *过失侵权*
Meaning of negligence疏忽的含义
Components of a negligent tort: Duty of care 疏忽侵权的组件：注意义务 Defenses to negligent torts过失侵权行为的抗辩 Cases for in-class discussion Strict liability *严格责任*
Meaning of strict liability严格责任的含义
The main torts where strict liability applies 主要侵权，严格责任的适用范围 Limitations on strict liability 严格法律责任的限制 Cases for in-class discussion
General Introduction
The definition of tort侵权的定义
A civil wrong wherein one person's conduct causes a compensable injury to the person, property, or a recognized interest of another, in violation of a duty imposed by law.一个人的行为引起了一种损害他人的人身，财产，公共利益，或违反法律所规定的义务的可赔偿的民事错误。 There is no really useful definition of a \which will allow all tortious conduct to be distinguished from all non-tortious conduct.
没有真正用\侵权\的定义，这将允许所有侵权的行为区别于非侵权的行为。 Not contractual不具法律效力
every member of society will be liable in tort if he behaves in certain ways, whether or not he has consented to such liability or not每一个社会成员将承担侵权责任，如果他实施了某些方面的行为，无论他是否同意负责。 Compensation赔偿
the overall purpose of tort law is to compensate plaintiffs fro unreasonable harm which they have sustained.侵权法的总体目的是补偿原告来本不应受到承受但是承受了的损害。 Shifting of burden转移负担
Apart from tort law's interest in promoting economic efficiency, this branch of law also has an interest in imposing the cost of accident on those who can afford them.除了侵权法在促进经济效率方便的法益，这个法律分支也有征收能够支付他们的事故花费的法益。 Conflict冲突
The courts standing change confronted with the conflicting purposes of tort law. 站在变化的法院面临的冲突与侵权法的目的。
Tort and breach of contract侵权和违约
Breach of a legal duty; breach of a contractual duty. 违反了法律责任，违反合同义务。 The same act may be both a tort and a breach of contract.同样的行为可能是侵权和违约。 Tort and crime 侵权和犯罪
Against the specific person; against the public.对特定的人，针对公众 Compensation V. penalty赔偿五，罚则
The same act may be both a tort and a crime.同样的行为可能是侵权和犯罪。
General Introduction
Categories of torts侵权行为的分类
There are three broad categories of torts, and there are individual named torts within each category. - 有三个大类侵权行为，并有不同名字命名的每个类别中的侵权行为。 1. Intentional torts (蓄意侵权行为)
battery; assault; false imprisonment; infliction of mental distress; trespass.
1.暴行，殴打，非法监禁;造成精神痛苦;妨害。 2. Negligent torts (negligence)(过失侵权行为) 3. Strict liability(严格责任)
animals; abnormally dangerous activities; product liability动物异常危险活动;产品责任 - Miscellaneous torts: e.g. invasion of privacy混合侵权行为，例如侵犯隐私
Intentional Torts故意侵权 Meaning of intent
One person desires to bring about some sort of physical or mental effect upon another person.一个人期望对另一人造成一些身体或心理上的影响。
Do you think there is an intentional tort committed by A in the following two cases ? 你认为这是在以下两种情况下，哪一个是故意侵权？
(1) A intends to tap B lightly on the chin to annoy him. If B has a \the light blow.（1）打算轻轻敲B的下巴去骚扰他。如果B有\玻璃下巴\，轻轻敲也敲断了。 (2) A intended to shoot at B with a water gun, but accidentally hits C.
(2)打算用水枪射击B，却意外地击中了C
* Distinguish intent from consequences.区别于后果的意图。
The Main intentional Torts against the person主要对人的故意侵权行为
Battery (暴行) is the intentional infliction of a harmful or offensive bodily contact. (attack and hitting).暴行是故意发生有害的或者进攻性身体接触的行为
The intent must be at least to bring about some sort of physical or mental effect upon another person.这样做的目的至少对另一个人产生了一些身体或心理影响。 e.g. A intentionally punches B in the nose. A has committed battery. 例如故意一拳打在B的鼻子上。这就是一种暴行。
Assault (恐吓) is the threatening to inflict harmful or offensive bodily contact. 恐吓是一种威胁并使遭受伤害或令人反感的身体接触。
e.g. D, a bill collector, threatens to punch F in the face if F does not pay a bill immediately.
例如D，一个账单冲突，威胁F如果F不立刻支付账单就打F的脸。 False Imprisonment (非法拘禁) is the intentional confinement. 非法拘禁是一种故意的监禁
Infliction of Mental Distress is the intentional infliction of severe emotional or mental distress by extreme and outrageous conduct.
造成精神痛苦是通过极端和蛮横的行为故意造成严重的情绪或精神痛苦。
Libel and slander protect a person's interest in his reputation.诽谤和流言侵犯了一个人的名誉权。
Common law strict liability普通法的严格法律责任
Recent Supreme Court Decisions have eliminated court's right to impose strict liability.最高法院最近决定取消法院施加严格法律责任的权利。
Public figure: a requireent of actual malice统一条件：要求实际恶意
Private figures: must prove defendant at least negligent - a media defendant. 个体条件：必须至少证明被告有过失 - 媒体被告。
Main intentional torts against property
主要针对财产的故意侵权行为 Trespass to land (非法侵入)
intentional entering a person's land or intentionally interference with a person's use or possession of a chattel.
有意进入一个人的领地或故意干扰一个人的使用或占有其动产。
Trespass to chattels (动产侵害)
The owner of chattels may have several possible tort actions against one who interferes with his use of possession of that chattel. (negligence; trespass to chattels or conversion)动产的所有者可能有几个可能的侵权理由诉讼一个干扰他占有该动产的使用的人。（疏忽;侵犯动产或侵占） e.g. D takes P's car for a 5 minute \ride\and returns with a dent in it. D has committed trespass to chattels.
例如D用P的汽车\兜风\分钟，并归还的时候上面有划痕。D已侵犯动产。
Conversion (侵占)
depriving an owner of possession of tangible property剥夺财产所有者的所有权
The dividing line between trespass to chattels and conversion is the degree of the interference. Conversion occurs when the defendant so substantially interfered with the plaintiff's possession of ownership that it is fair to require the defendant to pay the property's full value.
侵犯动产和侵占之间的分界线是干扰的程度。当被告实质占有了原告的所有物即发生了侵占，这时要求被告赔偿其侵占全部所有物的价值显得理所当然。 Nuisance妨害
use of defendant's land in such a way that it interferes with the plaintiff's use of his land被告使用了自己土地的方法干扰了原告对其土地的使用。
nuisance could be intentional; the plaintiff could also proceed under the theories of negligence or strict liability
妨害可能是故意的;疏忽或严格责任的理论下，原告也可以进行 Defenses to Intentional Torts对故意侵权的抗辩
Consent (of the victim)同意（受害者）
A case: Anne enters the hospital to have her sinuses drained. While she is anesthetized, her doctor, Ryno, removes her eleventh finger (which doesn't function anyway), as well. Has Ryno committed a tort ? 一个案例：安妮进入医院，因为她的疾病昏倒。当她在麻醉的时候，她的医生，Ryno，消除了她的第十一个手指（没有任何作用的）。 Ryno是否侵权？ Self-defense
A person may use reasonable force to prevent any threatened battery and false imprisonment. 自卫 一个人可使用合理武力，以阻止任何受到威胁的暴行和非法监禁。 Negligent torts过失侵权行为
The Meaning of Negligence疏忽的意义
In general usage it means \and prudent man would do or would not do in the similar circumstances.在一般用法中，它的意思是\不小心\。 在法律用语中，在相同的情况下一个人未能做或做了一个理性和谨慎的人做或不做的事情。
Components of a negligent tort过失侵权的组成部分 1. Defendant's act fails to conform to the duty of care;
2. The act of negligence causes the Plaintiff's harm. (proximate cause) 3. Actual damage suffered by the Plaintiff 1.被告的行为不符合注意义务 2.疏忽大意行为导致原告的伤害。（相类似的原因） 3.原告所遭受的实际损失。
Duty of care: A person should act as a reasonable and prudent man. 谨慎责任：一个人应该充当一个理性和谨慎的人。
Objective standard: Would a \do as the Defendant did ?
客观标准：在被告的立场一个\普通谨慎的合理的人\，能否作为被告？
Subjective standard: If defendant has a high degree of knowledge, skill or experience than the \
主观标准：如果被告拥有的知识，技能或经验比\理性的人\程度较高，被告也必须使用较高的水平。
Professionals including doctors, lawyers, engineers etc must act with the level of skill and knowledge commonly possessed by members of the profession.
专业人士包括医生，律师，工程师等，他们必须用较高的专业技术水平扮演专业成员。 Defenses in Negligent Torts过失侵权的抗辩 Contributory Negligence
The doctrine provides that a plaintiff who is negligent, and whose negligence contributes to his injuries, is totally barred from recovery.共同过失该学说规定，原告有过失，另一个过失导致原告受伤的人，一般不需要赔偿。e.g. P, while crossing the street, fails to pay attention. D, traveling at a high speed while drunk, hits P. 例如P，过马路时，没有注意。D，在高速醉驾并撞到了P。 At common law, the doctrine applies to only negligent torts. 普通法中，该原则只适用于过失侵权行为。
Comparative Negligence比较过失
It rejects the all-or-nothing approach of contributory negligence.它拒绝所有或全无的方式共同过失。
It attempts to divide liability between P and D in proportion to their relative degree of fault. 他试图用他们责任相当的比例来划分他们的错误程度。
P is not prohibited from recovery by his contributory negligence, but his recovery is reduced by a proportion equal to the ratio between his own negligence and the total negligence contributing to the accident.
P并不应为他的过失而无法追偿，但他的追偿是由他自己的过失和总的导致事故的过失之间的比例相应减少。
Joint-and-several liability and several liability连带责任和个体责任 Cases
A Case for in-class Discussion
P's accident is caused by the negligence of D and X . The jury finds that P was 20% responsible; D, 30% responsible; and X, 50% responsible. P's damages total $ 1 million. P的事故原因是由D和X疏忽。陪审团认为，P为20％负责，D30％负责;X50％负责。 P的赔偿总额100万美元。 1. According to the doctrine of comparative negligence, how much would P collect ? 2. If P sues D, but cannot find or sue X., How much would P collect from D ? 1.根据比较过失原则，P应该得到多少？
2.如果P起诉D，但无法找到或起诉X，他能从D得到多少？ Assumption of risk承担风险
The plaintiff has voluntarily consented to take her chances that harm will occur. When such assumption is shown, the plaintiff is completely barred from recovery. (example on the next page)
原告已自愿承担可能会发生的危害。当这样的假设发生时，原告是完全不能要求赔偿。 Public policy against assumption of risk对承担风险的公共政策 bargaining power and health care议价能力和卫生保健 An Example for Assumption of Risk承担风险的范例
D owns a baseball team. D posts big signs at the gates warning of the danger of foul balls. P has attended many games, and in each game buys a seat right behind home plate, a place where she and all other fans know many foul balls are hit. If P is hit by a foul ball, she will not be able to recover against D.
D拥有一支棒球队。 D已经对于犯规球的危险张贴了明显的警告。P已经参加了很多比赛，并在每场比赛的本垒后面买了一项保险，一个她和其他所有的球迷都知道，很多犯规球会击中的位置。如果P被一个界外球击中，她将无法向D追偿。 Strict Liability严格法律责任 Meaning:
the defendant is held liable even through he did not intend to bring about the undesirable result, and even though he behaved with utmost carefulness.
含义：被告承担责任即使他并没有带来不良后果的意图，即使他有极为细致的表现。 The Main Torts Under Strict Liability严格责任的主要侵权
Animals
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