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氮肥运筹和秸秆还田对直播稻氮素利用和产量的影响
作者:赵锋,程建平,张国忠,徐得泽,吴建平,吴继洪,杨兆林,马焕新 来源:《湖北农业科学》2011年第18期
摘要:为揭示精量穴直播栽培过程中不同氮肥运筹和秸秆还田对水稻产量与氮肥利用的作用机制,研究在氮肥施用总量相等的情况,考察氮肥以基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥不同施用比例以及油菜秸秆还田作基肥对水稻生长的茎蘖动态、光能利用、氮肥吸收以及产量构成的影响。结果表明,提高后期氮肥的施用比例(氮肥后移),能显著降低无效分蘖的数量、提高功能叶叶绿素含量、LAI和光合速率,灌浆期叶片氮含量和植株氮积累量明显提高;采用油菜秸秆还田显著提高了水稻光合速率(灌浆期)和千粒重。增大穗肥在氮肥施用总量中的比例或以油菜秸秆还田部分代替氮肥施用可显著提高直播水稻群体光合效率和提高氮肥的利用率,最终取得高产。
关键词:氮肥运筹;秸秆还田;直播稻;产量形成;氮素利用
中图分类号:S511.062文献标识码:A文章编号:0439-8114(2011)18-3701-04
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Regimes and Returning Straw on N Availability and Forming Yield of Direct-sowing Rice
ZHAO Feng1,CHENG Jian-ping1,ZHANG Guo-zhong2,XU De-ze1,WU Jian-ping1,WU Ji-hong3, YANG Zhao-lin3, MA Huan-xin4
(1. Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China;2. Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment(South China Agricultural University) Ministry of Education,Guangzhou 510642, China;
3. Jingmen Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Jingmen 430068, Hubei, China;
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4. Qinzhou Agricultural School, Qinzhou 535000, Guangxi, China)
Abstract: A field study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen regimes and returning straw into paddy on the yield and nitrogen utilization of rice in the process of mechanical precise-quantity hill-drop drilling application. Based on the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer, rice growth dynamics, light usage, nitrogen accumulation and yield components were examined when the fertilizer was applied by different ratios among the base fertilizers, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer, and whether rape straw returning was applied as base fertilizer. The results showed that increasing the percentage of ear fertilizer ratio could decrease ineffective tiller number, but increase chlorophyll content in function leaves, LAI, and photosynthetic rate. The photosynthetic rate at filling-grain stage and 1 000-grain weight increased when the straw was returned into paddy as based fertilizer. Both increasing the application percentage of ear fertilizer and replacing the nitrogen fertilizer partially with rape straw as based fertilizer could increase the photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen utilization rate of direct-sowing rice, and could lead to higher yield.
Key words: nitrogen regimes; returning straw; direct-sowing rice; yield forming; N utilization
我国直播稻面积已达到200万hm2,2007年约占水稻总面积的7.5%。在长江中下游地区,种植面积呈明显上升的趋势[1,2]。与常规移栽稻相比,水稻直播植株损伤
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轻,秧根入土浅,带土带肥,因而表现返青快,分蘖早,分蘖多。由罗锡文等[3]研制的开沟起垄式水稻精量穴直播机,可同步进行开沟、起垄和播种,垄面上的播种小沟增加了水稻根系入土深度,较好地解决了手工直播稻幼苗根系入土较浅而容易倒伏的问题,同时可调节株行距,有效控制高产品种的播种量和基本苗数,变撒播田间的“无序”为“有序”,提高了群体质量[4]。
机直播水稻生长的一个重要特点是分蘖节位低,分蘖力强,生产中仍参照移栽稻的施肥习惯,把大量氮肥在生育前期施入,易造成水稻无效分蘖增多,生育后期早衰,难以取得高产。研究在相同施氮总量的基础上,探索氮肥分别以基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥不同施用比例和油菜秸秆还田形式施用对水稻产量形成和氮素利用的影响,旨在为水稻高产、优质栽培技术中氮肥的运筹利用提供理论依据。 1材料与方法 1.1试验地点概况
试验点设在湖北省农业科学院南湖试验站内。土壤类型为黄棕壤发育的黄棕壤性水稻土,属于潴育型水稻土亚类,黄泥田土属。试验田肥力均匀、田面平整、排灌方便。试验于2010年5~10月进行。试验田土壤有机质 25.82 g/kg,pH值 7.57,碱解氮 102.33 mg/kg,速效磷 12.19 mg/kg,速效钾 160.83 mg/kg,土壤肥力中等。试验田交通方便,灌排条件完善。试验所选用品种材料为扬两优6号,机直播。1.2试验设计
氮肥运筹设置:①N1. 70∶30∶0(70%N基施, 30%N作分蘖肥,不施穗肥,传统施肥方式);②N2. 50∶30∶20(50%N基施,其中包括油菜秸秆还田所施入的氮,30%N作分蘖肥,20%N作穗肥);③N3. 50∶30∶20(50%N基施,30%N作分蘖肥,20%N作穗肥);④N4. 30∶30∶40(30%N基施,30%N作分蘖肥,40%N作穗肥)。氮肥为尿素,磷肥为过磷酸钙,钾肥为氯化钾。各处理N、P、K肥用量相同,分别为纯氮225 kg/hm2,P2O5 125 kg/hm2,K2O 180 kg/hm2。4月7日机直播,种植株行距20 cm×25 cm。小区面积为15 m×24 m=360 m2,3次重复,随机区组设计。各小区间筑高20 cm、宽40 cm的田埂,并用塑料薄膜包埂,以防止肥水流失及相互渗透,各小区单独排灌。其他田间管理方法与直播技术规程相同。
1.3测定项目与方法
生育进程和分蘖动态测定:每处理定苗20丛,记载生育进程,在抽穗扬花前每5天记载一次分蘖动态;分别于齐穗和灌浆期采用冠层分析系统(SunScan,英国Delta-T公司)测定植株中部的叶面积指数(Leaf area index,LAI);采用多功