Section Ⅷ Grammar
单元语法项目(一)——过去完成时
语法图解
探究发现
①A Roman writer called Pliny wrote about a terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed as a young man.
②By 1748, they had found an awesome historical site.
③He had worked in the factory for five years before we moved here. ④The film had begun when they arrived at the cinema.
⑤I had hoped to meet you at the airport, but I was caught in a traffic jam. ⑥That dinner was the most expensive meal we had ever had.
⑦There was a knock at the door.It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
⑧I had meant to come, but it occurred to me that I had some work to do. [我的发现]
(1)过去完成时与特定的时间状语连用，如句②。
(2)句①③④中过去完成时用于主从复合句，主从句动作都发生于过去，且有先后关系。 (3)句⑥、句⑦中过去完成时用于拥有序数词或最高级的句型。 (4)过去完成时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，如句⑤、句⑧。 一、概念
过去完成时的基本用法与现在完成时相似，所不同的是：现在完成时的动作须在现在以前完成，过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间以前完成，也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”。
二、构成
主语＋had＋动词的过去分词
You abandoned the map because you had learned how to get home. 你丢掉地图，因为你已经知道如何回家。 三、基本用法 1．表示过去的过去
表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，也就是“过去的过
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去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句、用一个表示过去的动作以及通过上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张从宇宙飞船发来的图片。
How long had Mr. Wang taught in the middle school before he came here? 王老师来这里之前，在中学教了多长时间的书？
I was very sad at his death. We had been good friends since our childhood. 他的去世使我很悲伤。我们自童年时代起就是好朋友。
[即时演练1] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①By the end of last month he had_worked (work) in Shanghai for twenty years. ②When I got to school, I realized I had_left (leave) my bag at home. ③She had_worked (work) on the farm for three years before she became a teacher. ④I had_wanted (want) to help you but couldn't get here in time.
⑤The pen I thought I had_lost (lose) is on my desk, right under my nose. 2．用于定语从句、宾语从句或间接引语中。
I wondered who had worked out the maths problem in the end. 我想知道谁最后做出了那道数学题。
She returned the book that she had borrowed. 她已归还了她借的那本书。
She said that she had finished her work. 她说她已完成工作了。
3．表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，主要用于hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等动词。
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事发生了。
He had intended that he would come to see you himself, but he was too busy. 他本来打算亲自来看你，但他太忙了。
[即时演练2] 完成句子
①She said that she_had_seen_the_film_before. 她说她在那之前看过那部电影。 ②The
moment
he
handed
in
his
exam
paper,
he
realized
he_had_forgotten_to_write_down_his_name.
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他刚一交上考卷就意识到忘了写名字了。
③I_had_intended_I_would_go_to_pick_you_up at the airport, but I was too busy. 我本来打算去机场接你们，但我太忙了。 4．用于状语从句。
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，若主从句的动作都发生在过去，且有先后关系，动作在前的要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
After he had finished his homework, he watched the TV. 完成作业后，他才看电视的。
If you had come yesterday, you would have seen the wonderful performance. 如果你昨天来的话，你就会看到那场精彩的演出。 5．过去完成时常用于某些固定句型
(1)主语＋had hardly/scarcely (no sooner)＋过去分词＋when (than)从句(从句用一般过去时)(hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时，主句要倒装)
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain. ＝No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就开始下雨了。
(2)It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时) It was at least three months since I had left Beijing. 我离开北京至少有3个月了。
(3)It was the first/second ...time＋(that)从句(从句用过去完成时) It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
(4)主句(过去完成时)＋by the time ...(表示过去的从句)
By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone. 我赶到车站时，火车已经离开了。
(5)句子(过去完成时)＋by the end of ...(表示过去的时间) By the end of last term we had learned 12 units. 到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了12个单元。
[名师点津] 有时before, after引导时间状语从句，主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，时间先后不明显，则主、从句都用一般过去时。
After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 关上门后，他离开了教室。 [即时演练3] (1)单句改错
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①It was the third time that he have been out of work that year.have→had ②Before I arrived he has worked twelve hours.has→had (2)完成句子
①It was three years since we had_left the city. 自从我们离开那座城市已有三年。
②We had_no_sooner_set_out than a thunderstorm broke. 我们刚出发就遇到了雷雨。 (3)句型转换
①As soon as we got to New York, we entered a different world. →We had no sooner got to New York than we entered a different world. ②She had hardly finished her homework when she went to bed. →Hardly had she finished her homework when she went to bed. 四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1．时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 昨天到10点为止他们才到达车站。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 昨天10点他们到达车站。
2．在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first prize in the composition competition.
她很高兴。她的所有家人对她也很满意。在作文比赛中她刚拿了第一名。
[名师点津] 当两个或两个以上连接发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他走进房间，打开灯，读起晚报来。 五、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作，句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语；而过去完成时表示的是过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作，句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语。
She had been ill for a week before she came back.
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在回来之前，她病了一周了。 She has been ill for a week. 她已经病了一周了。
[即时演练4] 完成句子
①Marx wrote back telling Engels that his_praise_had_greatly_encouraged_him (他的表扬极大地鼓励了他)．
②I haven't_heard_from_her (没收到她的来信) till now.
③By the time I got_up (起床), my sister had_already_washed_all_the_clothes (已洗完了所有衣服)．
④She said that she had_learned_English (学英语) for years since she came to our school.
⑤We reached_the_cinema_late
(到电影院晚了). The film
had_already_been_on_for_ten_minutes (已经开始十分钟了)．
⑥—I wonder what makes you a successful manager.
—I served_as_a_waiter_for_five_years (做了五年的服务生), which contributes a lot to my today's work.
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2017·浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband searched (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.
2．(2016·北京高考改编)I have_read (read) half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.
3．(2016·浙江高考改编)Silk had_become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
4．(2015·安徽高考改编)Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I had_left (leave) my book in the cafe.
5．(2015·北京高考改编)In the last few years, China has_made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
6．(2015·北京高考改编)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house? —Not really.She had_given (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
7．She had_learnt (learn) 2,000 English words by the end of last month. 8．I had_meant (mean) to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.
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高中英语Unit16StoriesSectionⅧGrammar学案含解析北师大版选修6
