新概念英语第四册笔记大全

A serious illness rendered him rather weak.(render: 致使) render thanks to sb. 答谢（render: 给予） render sb. a favor 给某人帮个忙 render sth. into Enghlish 翻译

render a role 扮演一个角色he renders a role in the movie./to interpret a role/to play a role

servitude n.奴役 He is/ was in servitude. 他没自由 sex n.性别male/ female

female:weaker, fair, gentle / male:strong, rougher, sterner half the sky 半边天sex appeal 性感bad egg/ hooligan/dirty dog坏蛋

arrant a.纯粹的(否定意义) sheer arrant nonsense 一派胡言，

out and out/downright He is out and out hooligan.

cowardly a.怯懦的coward 胆小鬼，懦夫chicken/craven you two are fighting and finally you cry craven.求饶 spineless adj. 没骨气的spine n.脊骨 shrinking shrink 缩水

knee 膝盖 weak kneed 胆小鬼，腿软 fainthearted 胆小的 slide into 不知不觉得陷入 I slide into the bad habit of smoking. I slide into the bad habit of rising late. I'm a late riser. /early riser 早起的人 =slip into

inconvenience vt.打扰 trouble 打搅bore/bother

Probably I trouble you for a minute. ineptitude n. 笨拙的 servitude n. 奴隶状态 -tude 是名词后缀 ept 聪明灵活的 clumsy 笨拙的

competence n. 能力competent adj. incompetent 无能的 bungling 笨拙的

unduly ad.过分地 excess extreme 极度 moderate 不过量的immoderate 过量的 modest/immodest overmuch due 准时

The train is due at seven o'clock.

My book is due. 我的书到期了。passport 护照 renew it 续借，续签 execrable.恶劣的，令人讨厌的

contemptible 令人讨厌的coarse 粗俗的debased 下贱的，卑鄙的ignoble 不光彩的abject 卑鄙的 at best 充其量average student 中等生 at most at least 至少

reject vt.丢弃 后跟habit or idea

discard 后跟sth. concrete discard the old clothes toss toss up硬币

abandon I'm abandoned by the girl. dump 抛弃

I'm dumped. 我被甩了。I'm rejected. I'm abandoned. The relation broke up 关系断了

approximation n.近似 approximate adj. he is approximately an average student. approximately = about

acute a.敏锐的he has acute eyes.他目光敏锐eagle eye bat eye瞎眼 observant eye/decerning eyes

look-out n.警戒 on the look-out for the bad habit look-out n.守望员

on the alert alert 警报on the guard 小心 vicious a.恶毒的

thrust vt.猛然推开=cast aside thrust my English aside thrust one's way through the crowd 挤出人群 elbow one's way

thrust five Yuan into my hand塞给我五元钱 thrusting 盛气凌人 expose vt.暴露

Girls don't want to expose themselves in the sun. suntanned 被太阳晒黑的

be expose to 暴露在Students should be exposed to more reading。学生应该多读书。

Spell n. 咒语spell vt.导致，带来lead to/ invite

Sloth spells failure. 懒惰生恶果。Pride spells failure.骄兵必败 result in /incur招致 I'm spellbound. 我被迷住了

Anglo-Saxon n.盎格鲁-撒克逊人（449-1066） Roman Empire falls retreat 撤退 Celtic 凯尔特人 Notes on the text 5 star

第一句：The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to man is that provided by a happy marriage（后置定语）, endeavoured to pretend that all their marriages were happy.（主提） Victorians:那个时代的人们

endeavour = try 尽力，尝试 make effects accorded to man = given to man save fighting 拳击

mental enjoyment 思想的幸福

第二句：We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat （技巧） of intelligence and character is so exacting as that required of two people who desire to live permanently together on a basis of amity, are obsessed by the problem of how to render the basic facts of cohabitation simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result. render = make cohabitation 同住 live in sin（罪过） abbot 方丈 feat 壮举，技巧

exacting 精确无误，毫厘不差 intelligence = mental work

shoulder the burden 肩负责任 in order that （表目的）以便于 result 产生

hand in hand beggars 手牵手的乞丐（沿街乞讨的乞丐） 改句型：we admitted that ……..so we were obsessed…… 第三句：The Victorians would have considered it 'painful' or 'unpleasant' were one to point out that only four marriages out of every ten are anything but forced servitudes. 虚拟语气，因为猜测。

if one were to point out……倒装句型=were one four marriages out of every ten 十分之四 anything but除去

arranged marriage 包办婚姻 red veil 红纱

第四句：We ourselves start from this very assumption and try to build from it a theory of more sensible relations between the sexes. （开始论述）

very 修饰名词，是强调词

on the very day, I met the girl. 就在这一天，我见了那个女孩。 On the very morning 就是那天早晨 from = based on

sensible = reasonable 合理的

第五句：Of all forms of arrant untruthfulness Victorian optimism appears to me to the most cowardly and the most damaging. optimism 乐观派，乐观主义（主语） have been 过去完成式， damaging 危害严重的 介词短语前置句

Victorian optimism appears to me to have been the most cowardly and the most damaging of all forms of arrant untruthfulness.

truthful 真实的，说真话的 untruthful 爱说谎的，不真实的 to face reality 面对现实

my family is well off/ honeyed.

第二段第一句：Truth, therefore, is an attitude of the mind.（观点更鲜明） truth 说真话

an attitude of the mind可替换为 a state of mind 精神状态 mental age 心理年龄 moral decay 道德败坏

第二句：lt is important, if one does not wish to inconvenience and to bore one's friends, not to tell lies.（进一步说明）

第三句：But it is more important not to think lies, or to slide into those mechanical and untruthful habits of thought which are so pleasant and so easy as descents to mental ineptitude. think = imagine

slide into 滑进去，陷进去 mechanical 机械的 conscious 有意识的 unconscious 无意识的 descent 产物，后代 mental ineptitude 不动脑筋 bar 单杠

第四句：The victorian habit of mind (which I consider to have

been a bad habit of mind) was unduly preoccupied by what was socially and morally convenient.

the Victorian habit of mind 维多利亚时期人们的思维习惯 preoccupied 占领（满脑子都是）

unduly = improperly 不太恰当 convenient有利的

socially and morally 对社会建设和道德建设 robbery n.抢夺，抢掠 stability 稳定

第五句：Convenience is, however, in all affairs of life, an execrable test of value. One should have the courage to think uncomfortably, since it is only by rejecting the convenient that one can come to think the truth.

in all affairs of life 在社会的各个方面 test of value 对价值的衡量 execrable 恶劣的

第六句：One should have the courage to think uncomfortably, since it is only by rejecting the convenient that one can come to think the truth. rejecting 抛弃掉

Lesson 37

第三段：Not, after all, that there is any such thing as truth.（倒装句型）At best we can approach to some relative approximation. On the other hand, there is surely such a thing as untruth. （开始论述）One is generally aware when one has said something, or acted in some way which has left on other people an impression not strictly in accordance with the facts.

（第二个论点）One is generally aware, also. when one has thrust aside an inconvenient thought and slid into its place another thought which is convenient. One's awareness in the former case is in general more acute than in the latter, since we are more on the look-out for the lies we utter than for those we merely think. In fact, however, it is the untruthful thought which is the more vicious of the two. Spoken lies are invariably tiresome and may actually be dishonest. But continuous lying in the mind, a disease to which the Anglo-Saxon is peculiarly exposed, spells the destruction of human thought and character. after all 毕竟，归根到底 at best 充其量

approach = get close to 没有绝对，只有相对而言。 on the other hand 另一方面 前面对应词组：on the one hand aware = clear

in some way 以某种方式

leave an impression on sb.给某人留下印象

left on other people an impression介词短语提前，因为impression后有定语，避免歧义

in accordance with 与……一致 elegance n.高雅，典雅 thrust aside = reject slide into 滑到 acute 敏锐 utter = tell

vicious 危害严重的 disease lying in the mind be exposed to 暴露在……下

spells = bring about 带来，招致 biographer 传记作者 diplomat 外交家 Henry Moore

Russell

Hemingway

O.Henry

Jack London Faulkner Bacon

Gissing

Gilbert

Maugham

stream of consciousness 意识流 loose in struture结构松散 Faulkner a film maker Pulitzer prize

Quotations of Chairman Mao

L38 The Sculptors Speaks

Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the abi8lity to respond to form in three dimensions. That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind. The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances,depths. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop(partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensional distances. But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further. Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.

This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of , and use, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head--he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air. And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food,or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.

And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone. From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms of combinations of several forms. New words and expressions sculpture n. 雕刻（人体雕像，大型的雕塑像） statuary 雕像

engrave 在一些东西上刻花，刻工艺品，刻字 inscribe 题字

score 刻成一些比较可爱的小东西 form-blind a. 行盲的（指空间感不足） colour-blind a. 色盲的

perception n. 知觉 perceptible a. 可感知的 perceptive + to sth. 思维敏感

sensitive + to sth. 身体敏感 emotional a. 感情的 sentimental 多愁善感

emotional 更加情绪化，由于当时的情况变化而产生情绪的激昂，指一时的冲动

Girls are more or less sentimental when they saw some sad things. comprehend vt. 理解 comprehension n. apprehend v. 理解 apprehension n.

comprehensibly 好理解地

comprehensive ability 理解综合能力 spatial a. 空间的 temporal 时间的

We all follow spatial and temporal order.我们写作要严循时空顺序。

spacious a.=huge and big 宽敞的 spatial state 空间状态

as it were （虽不可能）但似乎是… visualize vt. 设想=imagine visual 眼睛的，关于视野的 audit 听力的 audience 观众

visual and audit lesson 视听课 vision 视野 view 观点

visible 可见的visual effect 视觉效果visual mobility 视觉动感 conceive/envisage/picture v. 想象

I can picture sth. in my mind.我头脑中构思… centre of gravity 重心 reminiscence n. 回忆，联想 remind 回忆

The fade coloured picture reminds me of my happy childhood. 这幅发黄的照片使我回忆起了童年。 reminiscent a.

The picture is reminiscent of my happy childhood. The picture is a reminiscence of my happy childhood. reminder 勾起回忆的物品 literary a. 文学的literature 文学

literary works 文学作品literary field 文学界 literary criticism 文学批评，文学评论

literate 有知识的，识字的人illiterate 不识字的，文盲 anti-illiteracy movement 扫盲运动 anti-drags movement 禁毒运动

literary translation 直译=word to word translation free translation 意译=paraphrase plum n. 李子

pear n. 梨子 peach 桃子，大美人 peachblossom 桃花

peach flower fan/ peachblossom fan 桃花扇 tadpole n. 蝌蚪

I'm a Tadpole.我是密西西比(Mississippi)人。 frog 青蛙

The tadpole is the larva of the frog.蝌蚪是青蛙的幼体。 mushroom n. 蘑菇

to spring up like mushrooms 如雨后春笋般

Individual enterprises are springing up like mushrooms. carrot n. 胡萝卜

the stick and the carrot policy 软硬兼施政策

parrot n. v. 鹦鹉 He always parrots.他老是鹦鹉学舌。 bud n. 花蕾

The flower is in bud.这朵花含苞欲放。 nip sth. in the bud 防患于未然

lark n. 云雀=skylark ladybird n. 瓢虫=ladybug litterbug 乱扔垃圾的人

bulrush n. 芦苇 She/He is a bulrush.她/他是墙头草。 combination n. 结合体

My article combines the simplicity and the elegance.我的文章既简洁又美观。 sculptor n. 雕刻家 Notes on the text

This article is about how to enjoy/appreciate beauty in terms of sculpture.怎样欣赏美的雕塑

appreciation of sculpture 欣赏，理解雕塑 depend upon=depend on

口语多用depend on，书面语多用depend upon respond to 对…有一种反映能力 involve 与…有关=is concerned with distinguish=differ

practical necessity 实际需求 strive to 追求

solid 固定的=physical 实在的 inside his head 在他脑子中间

whatever its size=no matter what size it is 不论其什么样的形状 enclose 包着 all round 整个周围 penetrability 穿透力 identify with 与…等同

He identifies himself with masses.他和群众打成一片。 mass 质量

realize=regard 看作… volume 体积

displace 排出，排放，放置 Archimedes 浮力定律，阿基米德 principle of buoyancy 浮力定律 apart from=different so with=seem as

Henry Moore (1898-1986)

L39 Galileo Reborn Galileo

In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.

The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together. He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall. But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo. Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy for Balileo's opponents has grown somewhat. His telescopic observation are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus. But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument? Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties were scratches left by the grinder? We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spy-glass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them? New words and expressions

Galileo 意大利物理及天文学家 Italian

He is the founder of modern physics. Sun Center/ Earth Center Copernicus polish astronomy Roman Catholic heretic 异教徒 governing body

All roads lead to Rome.

controversy n. 争论，争议=argument/quarrel/debate I had words with my wife.吵架

They two are controversial.因观点不同而争论 universiade debating 大学生辩论会 clash/confrontation mental conflict

If you go to America, you will find very surprising and shocking clash between western and oriental cultures.

controversial beyond controversy毫无疑问=beyond question dust n. 纠纷，骚动to raise dust 引起争论 Dust are you from, back to dust you will go. rib肋骨/steak排骨

He always licks the dust.卑躬屈膝 eat dust 忍辱负重，卧薪尝胆

The emperor of Yue ate dust for several years. Finally he turned against and also he successed. raise a dust/ kick up a dust 引起争论

His rude remarks raise a dust.

the Inquisition n. （罗马天主教的）宗教法庭

thirty days grace/confess

perspective n. 观点，看法=view/stand/stance/proposition My view/stand/stance/proposition is that...我的观点是… prejudice n. 偏见

《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice)全书第一句是：It is a truth well-known to the world that an unmarried man in possession of a big fortune must be in want of a wife.有钱的单身汉总想娶位太太，这已成为一条举世公认的真理。 arranged marriage 包办婚姻 be prejudiced against

He has a prejudice against me.他对我有偏见。 be discriminate against

Blacks are discriminated against.黑人受歧视。 racial discrimination 种族歧视

The mom plays favorites with her eldest son.母亲对大儿子偏心。 above all 首先 He is honest. He is kind. Above all he is very diligent.（强调\勤奋\）

despise vt. 蔑视 dislike

Aristotle 古希腊哲学家 classification physics/rhetoric/poetry/psychology mind of the school Ptolemy 古希腊哲学家 Leaning Tower of Pisa 比萨斜塔 inclined plane 斜面 horizontal plane 水平面

generalize vt. 归纳generalization/summarize/induce free fall 自由落体

undercurrent n. 潜流a hidden tendency behind the general opinion

sympathy n. 同情I have sympathy for him. be sympathetic with fellow feeling 同情

justly ad. 确实地，无疑地 no doubt immortal a. 不朽的 Humans are mortal.

mortal sins 人世间的罪

He dealt me a mortal blow.他给了我致命一击。 He is mortally ill.病重 the immortals 长生不老的人

intimate a. 详尽的=detailed intimate report exhaustive/minute/blow-by-blow familiarity n. 熟悉familiar a. I am familiar with it. It is familiar to me.

Familiarity breeds contempt. Distance lets enchantment to do well. culpable a. 应受谴责的=condemnable culprit罪犯 allege vt. 断言 spiral a. 螺旋状的

nebula n. 星云dust and mist

scratch n. 擦痕scratch a match 划火柴scratch a meal 扒两口饭scratch back 抓挠 scratch cat 打架厉害的女人pinch Jupiter n. 木星

罗马神话(Roman mythology)的主神是Jupiter 希腊神话(Greek mythology)的主神是Zeus spy-glass n. 小望远镜 telescope 大望远镜 contrivance n. 器械 instrument/appliance distort vt. 歪曲=falsify/misrepresent/warp distort the fact 歪曲事实 reborn n. 再生=rebirth Notes on the text long since 早已

He has long since died. the scientific dust since then has settled for a long time

in its proper/wrong perspective something like/proper

He is something like musician.

something like its proper perspective 基本正确地来看待 in its proper sense/perspective

in contrast 相反controversial figure

view of Galileo 人们对Galileo的看法Galileo's view Galileo的看法

book learning 书本知识 blind worship 盲目崇拜 put 提出

draw one's conclusion 作出结论 powerful influence of religion there: in the sky weights 重物

generalize... into 把…总结成

law/theory law: natural/theory: mental law of nature 自然法则 a closer study 更仔细地研究 support修饰study sense: understanding consciousness: understanding profoundly: deeply modified: changed 1 of the period

2 new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents old: late 已故的 live on 活跃在

popular writings 科普文章 picture: idea opponents 反对者 the majority of the commons somewhat: a little they: telescopic observations striking: surprising/shocking