research(科研) inquiry into(scientific)
inquire into sth. 对案件调查(scientific,a case) inquire about(formal) inquire after sb. 惦记某人 considerably相当地 程度词 considerate:体贴的，考虑周到的 =sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperative considerable+sth.
I make considerable money.(=substantial) positive 确实的
The result is positive. His words are positively right.
He is positive in the class.(active)(活跃、积累) positive:成阳性的patent vt. 获得…专利权
My invention is patented=I’ll/I’d like to patent my invention. 获得专利：take out a patent 专利局 patent office 专利人：patentee专利许可者：patentor
(adj.)明显的，显著的=obvious It is patent that he loves the girl. seek for 寻求
seek for freedom/seek truth求是/seek for true love/seek for justice寻求正义/
seek after（指人）He is much sought after.他很抢手，红得发紫The book is sought after. 畅销 分词:sought chance 偶然性的
It is my chance discovery. Chance companion 萍水相逢
偶然发现的东西 I find it by chance. I chance to be there. extent 程度 to some extent agent 情报人员
be likely to…可能 it/sb.+likely/it+possible 可能性：likelihood weight against 不利 heavily 副词
general secrecy 普遍存在的保密性 atmosphere:氛围，气氛 it—research
One …,the other the tack of freedom of the individual research worker.
只有并列结构可以省掉谓语
My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse. lack of freedom 没有自由度(个体区别) general atmosphere(大环境) research worker:研究者 In so far as 由于，因为
limit=prevent:阻止，限制 engaged in---后置定语 limit from 阻止effective 有效的fellow scientists 同行often enough 平凡 contact with 保持联系(v.)contact me (n.)keep contact with me vary v.变化It varies from one family to another. 家家情况都不同 be of 结构 general 普遍的 fundamental 基础的 such…that
a positive advantage 主语 to them 对他们而言 it---not to keep them secret (形式主语) be open to any advice and suggestion 请多斧正
yet—转折 processs 研究过程such research---general and fundamental are sought for 被追求
with complete secrecy 表示状语 until 直到 apply to 应用于
chance discoveries:偶然的发现 part 作用
highly predictable 高度可预测性 nature 本性，特点
have great difficulty in obtaining
technical or scientific books from libraries….. willing to do sth. Have taken out 借书
for fear (一见这个词就是虚拟语气)唯恐，担心=in case,lest +(should) do
Have a difficulty in在这里=unwilling to do sth. 不愿做 I have a difficulty shopping with you.= I am unwilling to shop with you. 第一句强调客观性，第二句强调主观性 trace踪迹 so as not to(口语)
trace=find 发现trace the route:寻觅踪迹 undertaking(carry out) 从事 Cheshire郡=county
The student goes to such an extent that he is rude to his teacher. 主语it—resarch lim
limit from :阻止 contact 交流 effective有效的 fellow scientists同行
often enough 平凡 firm公司 contact with保持联系 (v.) co touch keep in tuch vary变化=is diffient
be of 结构 general普遍的，基础的 fundamental基础 such…..that a positive adv to them 对他们而言 it---not to keep them se
be open to any advice and suggestion yet—转折 process研究过程
are sought for被追求表示状语：with complete secrecy until:直到 industries:各个行业 where…..---表原因 chance di
part：作用 they do---chance discoveries highly predictable高度可预测性 go to达 such….that如此,以至于 nature本性，特点 for instance 比如说（插入语） have great difficulty in obtaining t 他们有极大困难获得专业的科普书籍 difficulty=trouble have a difficulty=un they are unwilling to 他们不想这样做 enter进入，签名sign签名=have sth. d have taken out借书 for fear(虚拟)唯恐，担 have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做…..
I have a difficulty shopping with you.(强调客观性) =I am unwilling to shop with you.(更强调主观性) as 作为 for fear唯恐（一见这个词，就是虚拟 in case , lest+(should ) do so as not to (口) trace=find:发现
undertaking(=carry out) 从事 Cheshire:郡 to such an extent 达到如此的效果
The student goes to such an extent that at he is rude to his teacher
L19 English Social Differences
A gentleman is, rather than does. He is interested in nothing in a professional way. He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation. He must know how to ride and shoot and cast a fly. He should have relatives in connection in the diplomatic service. But there are weaknesses in the English gentleman's ability to rule us today. He usually knows nothing of political economy and less about how foreign countries are governed. He does not respect learning and prefers 'sport '.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function, and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development. Disbelieving in the necessity of large-scale production in the modern world, he is passionately devoted to excessive secrecy, both in finance and method of production. He has an incurable and widespread nepotism in appointment, discounting ability and relying upon a mystic entity called 'character,' which means, in a gentleman's mouth, the qualities he traditionally possesses himself. His lack of imagination and the narrowness of his social loyalties have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm. He is incapable of that imaginative realism which admits that this is a new world to which he must adjust himself and his institutions, that every privilege he formely took as of right he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare. the army and navy and at least one.
New words and expressions professional n. 职业的 cultivate vt. 培养 hobby n. 业余爱好 eccentricity n. 怪癖 cast a fly 垂钓
diplomatic service 外交部门 govern vt. 治理 adequacy n. 适当 grave a. 严重的 sufficiently ad. 充分地
inadequately ad. 不充分地 disbelieve vt. 不相信 devoted a. 热心的 excessive a. 过分的
incurable a. 不可救药的 neotism n. 裙带关系 discount vt. 看轻 mystic a. 神秘的 entity n. 存在，本质 narrowness n. 狭隘 quality n. 品质 estate n. 社会阶层 realm n. 王国 realism n. 现实主义 adjust vt. 使适应 privilege n. 特权 relevant a. 有关的 difference n. 差异
1.professional n. 职业的 通常略写为prof [反]amateur [辨异]profession, occupation, job profession \专业\，强调
highly skilled/highly educated, such as lawyer, doctor, IT engineer, architect
occupation: normal and general,everybody can have an occupation job不仅指工作，还可以表示干活，例如家务活。 You did a good job.
[注意]technical/vocational school 职业学校 vocation 职业 2.cultivate vt. 培养 [同]nurture, develop, foster cultivate a hobby/habit
He is well cultivated/educated/bred/trained. 他很有教养。 3.hobby n. 业余爱好
[辨异]mania, hobby, pastime, diversion mania 颠狂，狂热，癖好 hobby n. 业余爱好 pastime 消遣
diversion 消遣，指转移注意力，换换脑筋。 4.eccentricity n. 怪癖 [同]odd eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的 concentric 同轴的，同心的 [辨异]eccentric, outlandish, grotesque eccentric 古怪的，怪癖的
outlandish异国风味的,奇异的,古怪的
outlandish clothes奇装异服 You are oddball.你太怪异不合群了grotesque 怪诞的，艺术、美术、文学中的怪诞派、怪异的作品5.cast a fly 垂钓[同]go fishing, on the fishing trip(悠闲垂钓) cast a net 撒网，为了生存捕鱼 lure 诱饵 v. 引诱 6.diplomatic service 外交部门 airline service航空公司 travel service/agency 旅行社 diplomacy 外交 diplomat 外交官
He is a diplomat. 他是一个左右逢源的人。 He is a philosopher. 他是一个夸夸其谈的人。 7.govern vt. 治理
government/governing body 政府 governor 州长 governess 女家教
benevolent government 仁政 benevolent a. 慈善的 8.adequacy n. 适当 [同]sufficient [反]inadequate He often doubts his adequacy as a father.
=He often doubts whether he is adequate as a father. 他常常怀疑他是不是够格做父亲。 [辨异]deficient, sparse, meager deficient没有足够的，缺乏的 sparse 稀少
meager 贫乏的,不充分的,不足的 suffice vi 足够 vt.使满足 The food is meager for winter. 9.grave a. 严重的 n. 坟墓 [同]solemn, serious, severe
have one foot in the grave 来日不多了
grave situation 严峻的形势 gravity 地球引力，严重 10.disbelieve vt. 不相信 dis- 多做动词的反义词 disappear 消失 disbelieve 不相信 11.devoted a. 热心的 [同]committed, dedicated devote v.
devote oneself to sth be devoted to sth
[注意]to后面一定要用名词或动名词 He devoted himself to researches.
He is devoted to researches. 他致力于研究。 She is devoted to her children. 她太溺爱孩子了。
这里，devoted相当于spoil, pamper 12.excessive a. 过分的 [同]immoderate [反]moderate Excessive studying bores/tires me. 过多的学习使我厌倦/疲惫不堪。
Excessive smoking harms/does harm to the health. 过度吸烟有害健康。
Excessive smoking is dangerous. extreme 极端的
13.incurable a. 不可救药的 cure 治疗
cure sb 为某人治病 cure sb of 治某人的……病 curable 可治疗的
to breathe one's last 奄奄一息 He is beyond cure/remedy. 他不行了/不可救了。
引申为他不可救药了。=He is rotten to the core. People heat him to death. 人们都恨死他了。 I'm hungry to death. 我都快饿死了。
[注意]不能说成I starve to death. 14.nepotism n. 裙带关系
It means giving of favors to his relatives/relations by a person/man in the high position or promoting the people closest to him
backdoor \后门\15.discount vt. 看轻 count 数
I count on him. 我看重/器重他。 discount 打折 以物做宾语 I discount what he sales.
contempt/belittle/look down on 以人做宾语 16.mystic a. 神秘的,带有宗教色彩 mysterious则不带宗教色彩 occult 神秘的，玄妙的 supernatural 超自然的 metaphysical 形而上学的 Garden of Eden 伊甸园 nether world 阴间 heavenly world 天堂 17.narrowness n. 狭隘
He is narrow-minded. 他心胸狭窄。
He is narrow-sighted/shortsighted. 他目光短浅。 narrow escape 九死一生 18.quality n. 品质
He is a man of quality. 他是一个高尚的人。 a lady of quality 贵妇
19.estate n. 社会阶层，房地产
class, hierarchy, stratification 都有阶层的意思。 real estate 不动产 personal estate 动产 estate agent 房地产商 20.realm n. 王国(抽象概念) kingdom 具体概念 mental realm 思想境界 literature realm 文学界 flim/movie realm 电影界 [辨异]estate, domaln, sphere estate 社会阶层 domain n. 领域 domain name 域名
sphere 球，球形，球体，球面，范围，领域 realism n. 现实主义 realistic 现实主义的性格
realist 现实主义者[反]idealist理想主义者 21.adjust vt. 使适应
adjust oneself to new environment be adjust to
He is well adjusted. 他好相处。 22.privilege n. 特权，英国英语常用 有特权的人，例如
mp(member of parliament)议员 privileged class 特权阶层 underprivileged class 弱势阶层
privileged car/cab 专车 23.relevant a. 有关的 be relevant to 和… 24.difference n. 差异 make no difference 没关系
It makes no difference wheather you come or not. make difference 关系重大
different from（英式英语）=different than (美式英语) Notes on the text
1.A gentleman is, rather than does.
绅士不是通过行为做到的。这里的意思是绅士是与生俱来的，是骨子里的东西。
2.in a professional way=professional
3.be allowed：绅士这一阶层受社会的约束，不是随便什么都可以做的。 practise:从事
practise law= to be a lawyer practise medicine= to be a doctor vocation: 职业
=to offer help and aid, for example, priest, doctor, nurse
He is allowed to cultivate hobbies, even eccentricities, but must not practise a vocation.
这句话的意思是：绅士是绝对不能脱离他的阶层，不允许mix with the masses(与大众为伍),否则就会很庸俗。 4.ride:骑马 navy:海军 army:陆军 5.rule:治国 6.political economy:政治经济学
less about:更不要提=not to mention/not to speak of
I know nothing of maths, not to mention English. 我不懂数学，就更别提英语了。
7.learning:学术sport:指前面说的\8.The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function:
社会要回答的问题并不是这类人物不无美德，而是他们是否胜任其职务。
set for society:做后置定语
virtue:品德
the type= the kind= the class 阶层
so much as, not…… but, 前面有否定式，so much as= but His success is not by talent so much as by energy. 他的成功不是来自天赋而是来自勤奋。
It is not the hours that tell so much as the way we use them. 重要的不是时间而是如何利用它。 It is the man that behind the gun tells. 胜败在人而不在武器。 adequate:能力 function:功能
9.arise= appear,常搭配副词here, there want：需求 pursue: 追求
10.attend to= be concerned with 关注 attend to 后面只能跟名词、动名词
While I am out/away, please attend to my house. 当我不在时，请帮我照看一下家。
11.in finance and method of production:金融和生产方法 12.widespread: 普遍的 discounting ability:轻视才能 entity 特质
character= nature
in a gentleman's mouth:在绅士的嘴里
the qualities he traditionally possesses himself:他自己传统上所拥有的品质
13.social loyalties= loyalty to society= social duties 社会职责 be loyal to 对……忠诚 narrowness 狭隘
have ranged against him one of the fundamental estates of the realm:已把自己放到这个王国中 的基本社会阶层的对立面上去。 range: 排列 range against: 作对
incapable of that imaginative realism:无法接受充满想像力的现
实
14.admit= demand 要求 institution= custom 社会习俗
he formerly took as of right:他以前取得作为……的权力 took as= regard as 看待
took as of 是古英语用法，相当于今天的took as he is taken as a black sheep. 他被看作是害群之马。 right:权利
he can now attain only by offering proof that it is directly relevant to social welfare: 只能通过提供证据说明此项权力与社会福利直接有关才能得到
15.Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India, Invests the Maharajah of Cochin with the Star of India in 1903
1903:派往印度的总督Curzon勋爵授予印度本土国王Cochin\印度之星\。
invest in:投资 invest with:授予 Lord:爵士，勋爵
L20 Man, the Unknown
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling,they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark,
narrow streets full of petrol fumes,coal dust, and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxi-cabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants. New words and expressions physiological a. 生理的 mental a. 精神的 neglect vt. 忽视 expand vi. 扩张 consideration n. 考虑 effect n. 影响
descendent n. 子孙，后代 mode n. 方式 existence n. 生存 impose vt. 强加
with no regard for 不关心 deprive vt. 剥夺 skyscraper n. 摩天大楼 tenant n. 租户 gigantic a. 巨大的 civilize vi. 使文明
luxury n. 豪华 dwelling n. 住所 monstrous a. 畸形的 edifice n. 大厦 petrol fumes 汽油味 monstrous a. 畸形的
edifice n. 大厦 petrol fumes 汽油味 ceaselessly ad. 不停地 1.physiological a. 生理的
physics/physical+ biology/biological motel 汽车旅馆 motor+ hotel smog 烟雾 smoke+ fog
biochemisty 生化 biology+ chemistr anthrax 炭疽热 2.mental a. 精神的 mental work 脑力劳动 mental worker 脑力劳动者 physical/manual work 体力劳动 mental ground 思想境界 mental outlook 精神面貌 mental/natural age 心理/真实年龄 mental patient 精神病人 mental hospital 精神病院 mentality n. 智力 3.neglect vt. 忽视 [辨异]neglect, ignore
She is neglected at the party. 宴会上人们都没有注意到她。（客观）
She is ignored at the party. 宴会上人们都不理她。（主观，人们明明看见她了可是都故意不理她。） 4.expand vi. 扩张
expansion n. 扩充，开展，膨胀，扩张物，辽阔，浩瀚
consideration n. 考虑
take all into consideration 把一切都考虑在内 My father/dad doesn't give the consideration to me.
我父亲根本就考虑不到我。 5.effect n. 影响
[辨异]effect, influence, impact effect (直观的，可以目睹的)影响 influence （潜移默化的，看不见的）影响 impact （突然的，瞬时的）影响 6.descendent n. 子孙，后代 descend v. 下去
ascend v. 上升
ancestor n. 祖先，祖宗 I'm a Chinese descendent. 我是炎黄子孙。
offspring n. 儿女，子孙，后代 没有复数 posterity n. 子孙，后裔
没有复数
successor n. 继承人，继任者
7.mode n. 方式
mode of existence 生存方式
live a mouth-to-hand existence 生活过得不富裕 make ends meet 勉强维持生活 8.impose vt. 强加
impose on （注意介词是on） wield(挥舞) on
My dad is imposing. 我爸爸威严无比。 9.with no regard for 不关心
The boss ran his business with no regard for the welfare of the workers. 老板开工厂从不关心工人的利益。 10.skyscraper n. 摩天大楼
towering building 高耸入云的，象塔一样 highrise 高层的，高层建筑的
The is no scarcity of skyscraper in New York. 纽约到处都是高楼大厦。 11.gigantic a. 巨大的 （体积） giant adj. 巨大的，庞大的 Yaoming is a gaint. giant panda 大熊猫 huge adj. （体积）庞大 vast adj. （面积）巨大 volume n. 体积 titanic=colossal 12.civilize vi. 使文明 civilization n. 文明 civil adj. 全民的，市民的 savage adj. 野蛮的，野性的 13.luxury n. 豪华
luxuriant adj. 丰产的，丰富的，肥沃的，奢华的
The lady bought so many luxuries. 这个女人买了很多奢侈品。 14.dwelling n. 住所 抽象概念 only used in formal city dweller 城市人
residence n. 居住，住宅 inhabitant 居民 resident adj. 居住的; n. 居民 reside+at比较正式 inhabit v. 居住，栖息 n. 民族部落 torrid area 热带
新概念英语第四册笔记大全
