But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative overhead rises, so the earnings of the business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development. It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government. New words and expressions Disunited a.分裂的
Economic resource经济实力 Incur vt.承担 Backward a.落后的
Administrative a.行政管理的 Overhead a.一般费用 Analogous a.类似的 Behave vi.行动 Sphere n.范围
Keep sb. in line 使某人协调 Checker n.检查人员 Foreman n.监工 Dividend n.红利 Civil servant 文职人员 Notes on the text
Unite ~all the people 团结所有的人民
Unify （思想）统一 Union Unification Reunion团聚
In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.在中国，中秋节/春节是团聚的好时间
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.中国人希望大陆两岸统一。
In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction. 在199X年东西德统一 Incur 承担 后面跟抽象名词 （费用，成本）I have a family to support/feed/bear.
招致，导致 （不好的恶果） Pride incur failure.=invite,lead to Backward Forward 先进的 Backward nation Forward country Under developed 欠发达 Developing 发展中 Organ 机构 Administrator 管理者
Administration
Bush administration bush当局（西方用人名，中国用地名） Beijing administration MBA master of business and administration Sphere Hemisphere 半球 Eastern hemisphere 西半球Western hemisphere 东半球
Semi-colony 半殖民Feudal society 封建社会Semi-feudal 半封建Semifinal 半决赛
Domain 域 Field scope 眼界province 领域He is very provincial 他没有远见
Dividend （入股的）红利 Allowance 津贴Bonus 奖金
Civil marriage 不在教堂举行的婚礼
She keeps the family in line.她把家打理得井井有条。 State 有政治概念State law State visit 政事访问 Correspondingly; therefore so
He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered 5.
Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.Where 可当作if 翻译Where there is life, there is hope Compare with 与….. 比较
Contrast 比较，侧重异 compare 侧重 相同 Compare to 比作 Private (business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterprise 私企
Out of business 破产 Concern with :talk about Concern for/about 关心 I concern for your health.
Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that Exercise initiative 发挥能动性 Initiative stage 初级阶段 Within their sphere/ to their utmost 尽其最大力量 Report sth 报道 Report on 汇报
I'm reading carefully. I'm reading with care. I'm reading in a careful manner.
An army (group) of Meet expense 收支相抵
On one's behalf For one's benefit 代表某人的利益 It's in your interest to tell truth (be honest).
L45 The Process of Ageing
At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually die of old age, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer-- on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.
Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and
probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things 'wear out'. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending But a watch could never repair itself it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could,at one time, repair ourselves well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses an accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduce by half again. New words and expressions
infant 婴儿(会说点话) baby婴儿(不会说话) the infant industry新兴产业in its infancy在初始阶段 vulnerable脆弱的be vulnerable to受不了 fragile脆弱 (health/body)
barefaced厚颜无耻的 defenceless脆弱的(不设防的,无保护的) imperceptible感觉不到的(大多数p开头的形容词，反义词加im) invisible看不到的indiscernible观察不到的minute微小的 subtle细微的
steep急转直下的（陡峭的）steep poor health 身体状况急转直下steep demand苛刻的要求 ageing老化 aged wine陈酿
odds可能性 There are/is odds that he will turn up.=The odds are that he will turn up likelihood可能性
It's odds that… /The odds are… /There are odds… 都是 ……有可能 Odd怪异的 virtual实际的
robust强健的 （乐百氏）muscular强壮的athletic壮的 thickset结实的 kettle水壶 wearing-ou t穿破 thermodynamics热力学 moot point有争议的 run-down破旧的
decrepit衰老dilapidated破旧的shabby破旧的（房子） Notes on the text 1.vigorous 后省略stage 同义词:lively/robust/dynamic 2.yet=however yet 可在句中,不用标点 however用在句中要用逗号
3.stealthy slide out of room溜出房间 play truant逃学
4.injection
cry one's eyes out嚎啕大哭
5.undergo经历 up and down/ lows and highs沉浮 6.the passing of time时光流逝 7.heavy odds极大可能
8.virtual:physical
9.寿命life-span life expectancy longevity 10.tend to 倾向，不由自主 Unless and until 连词的连用 11.spoil oneself糟蹋自己 12.the …the …并列比较 13.organism有机体
In the nature of things 插入语 14.wind上发条 wound上了发条的 run-down发条不紧的 15.but=except 16.fatul=deadly 致命的
L46 The Menace of Urban Explosion from The Listener After millennia of growth so slow that each generation hardly noticed it, the cities are suddenly racing off in every direction. The world population goes up by two per cent a year, city population goes up by four per cent a year, but in big cities the rate may be as much as five and six per cent a year. To give only one example of almost visible acceleration, Athens today grows by three dwellings And 100 square metres of road every hour. There is no reason to believe that this pace will slacken. As technology gradually swallows up all forms of work, industrial and agricultural, the rural areas are going to shrink, just as they have shrunk in Britain, and the vast majority of their people will move into the city. In fact, in Britain now only about four or five per cent of people live in rural areas and depend upon them; all through the developing world the vanguard of the rural exodus has reached the urban fringes already, and there they huddle, migrants in the favellas and barrios of Latin America, in shanty towns in Africa, in those horrifying encampments one sees on the outskirts of Calcutta and Bombay. We are heading towards an urban world.
This enormous increase will go ahead whatever we do, and we have to remember that the new cities devour space. People now acquire far more goods and things. There is a greater density of household goods; they demand more services such as sewage and drainage. Above all the car changes everything: rising incomes and rising populations can make urban car density increase by something like four and five per cent in a decade; traffic flows rise to fill whatever scale of highways are provided for them. The car also has a curious ambivalence: it creates and then it destroys mobility. The car tempts people further out and then gives them the appalling problem of getting back. It makes them believe they can spend Sunday in Brighton, but makes it impossible for them to return before, say, two in the morning. People go further and further away to reach open air and countryside which continuously recedes from them, and just
as their working weeks decline and they begin to have more time for leisure, they find they cannot get to the open spaces or the recreation or the beaches which they now have the time to enjoy. Recently some studies were made in the behavior of mice when exposed to more than a certain degree of density, frustration, and noise, and the mice just became deranged. I think some sociologists wonder whether it might not be the same for men. This combination of very high density of population, goods and services, and machines, all increasing with almost bruta1 speed, does account for some really antisocial tendencies in modern urban growth.
L47 Plato Today
The modern Plato, like his ancient counterpart, has an unbounded contempt for oliticians and statesmen and party leaders who are not university men. He finds politics a dirty game, and only enters them reluctantly because he knows that at the very least he and his friends are better than the present gang. Brought up in the traditions of the ruling classes, he has a natural pity for the common people whom he has learnt to know as servants, and observed from a distance at their work in the factory, at their play in the parks and holiday resorts. He has never mixed with them or spoken to them on equal terms, but has demanded and generally received a respect due to his position and superior intelligence. He knows that if they trust him, he can give them the happiness which they crave. A man of culture, he genuinely despises the self-made industrialist and newspaper-king: with a modest professional salary and a little private income of his own, he regards money-making as vulgar and avoids all ostentation. Industry and finance seem to him to be activities unworthy of gentlemen, although, alas, many are forced by exigencies of circumstance to take some part in them. intellectual, he gently laughs at the superstitions of most Christians, but attends church regularly because he sees the importance of organized religion for the maintenance of sound morality among the lower orders, and because he dislikes the scepticism and materialism of radical teachers. His genuine passions are for literature and the philosophy of science and he would gladly spend all his time in studying them. But the plight of the world compels his unwilling attention, and when he sees that human stupidity and greed are about to plunge Europe into chaos and destroy the most glorious civilization which the world has known, he feels that it is high time for men of good sense and good will to intervene and to take politics out of the hands of the plutocrats of the Right and the woolly-minded idealists of the Left. Since he and his kind are the only representatives of decency combined with intelligence, they must step down into the arena and save the masses for themselves. New words and expressions 1．Plato柏拉图
Platonic love: friendship between woman and man of mind and spirit
西方文明由1、christianity 2、苏格拉底，亚里士多德，柏拉图构成
2．counterpart相对立的人
3．Resort 度假胜地 retreat 胜地summer resort 避暑山health resort 疗养胜地spot 胜地
4．mix 相混合 He mixes well./ He is a good mixer.他左右逢源。 5．Crave 混合 crave for fresh air渴望新鲜空气 craving贪婪 6．Genuinely真正的 genuine=pure 纯正的 real=true真的 authentic 正宗的，真品Sincere真诚 7.vulgar粗陋的
8.ostentation卖弄、炫耀 ostentatious adj pretentious adj showy adj flashy adj
9.alas 哎呀 10.exigency 紧迫 emergency紧迫，急诊 11．Christian基督教徒Christianity基督教 Christ基督 Islam/Moslem伊斯兰教Buddhism佛教Buddha如来佛 12.religion宗教 religious宗教的 enter into religion 出家 13.morality道德 moral道德 14．Scepticism怀疑论
15.materialism唯物主义 materialist务实者，唯物主义者 idealist理想主义者，唯心者dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义 historical materialism历史唯物主义 16.radical激进的
17.plight困境trap/plunge/sink into plight陷入困境 dilemma左右为难的
18.greed贪婪avaricious贪婪的 insatiable不知足的 19.plunge使陷入 I plunge myself into poverty 我陷入贫困 Gambling plunged him into failure in business.赌博使他陷入商业失败的境地。
20.chaos混乱chaotic混乱的anarchy无政府状态 lawlessness无法无天 bedlam疯人院 21.plutocrat富豪 Pluto 冥王星
22.the Right 右翼 the Left左翼 rightist右派 leftist左派 23.decency体面 decent体面的 for the seek of decency为了面子 Notes on the text
1.the modern Plato :the person who is like Plato in our modern society.
2.stateman 政治家 plitician政客
3.A university is a place where those who hate ignorance may strive to know, where those who pursue truth who strike to make others see.大学是憎恶无知的人求知之所,是寻求真理的人诲人之处. 4.them :political activities. 5.at the very least说句公道话
6.gang :group of people 在英文中,一般无褒义. 7.bring up: bring sb. up grow up
8.on equal terms平等的地位 on speaking terms 泛泛之交 They keep good terms with each other.
The two neighbors are not on borrowing term.这两个邻居从不来往
9.newspaper-king 报业巨子 10.modest适当的
11.sound:good,healthy
12.teacher=advocator说教者
13.genuine passions一种热切的激情plight n.情况 14.compet=win
15be about to do: do sth very soon 16.high time =good time早就该
17.intervene干涉 woolly-minded 糊涂脑袋的 18.mob乌合之众 19.arena舞台 20.课文短语
unbound contempt for sb a natural pity on equal terms superior intelligence a man of culture self-made industrialist newspaper-king unworthy of gentlemen plunge into high time man of good sense his kind
L48 What Every Writer Wants from Harper’s
I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respected, confess at once that they have little idea where they arc going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, perhaps two, they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes for inspiration, all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands. I never heard of anyone making a 'skeleton', as we were taught at school. In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination. A blurred image appears, he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it. Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written. I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books, like adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the exact outline of the vision before them. For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones,begging response from those around them. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he might as well try to explain a
crime or a love affair. He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bore.
This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the
drafts that follow. For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within. A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of, and when he flirsts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.
最难的课文 L55 L58 L58 L60 New words and expressions
confess 承认 confess one's guilt 承认罪行 confess that I am guilty (也可跟从句)
表示\承认\的词还有：admit, acknowledge, confined confess与它们的区别在于：confess是宗教词汇（忏悔） inspiration灵感 inspire激发 brain wave灵机一动，脑波 sunden inspiration灵机一动 radical 根本的 也有\激进\之意
（同）primary根本，fundamental基本，essential根本 interweave 交织 inter相互 weave 编
weave a story 编故事 Weaving Maid 织女 He weaves a lie.撒谎 afresh 重新 =again
fresh student 新生 fresh water淡水资源 I am fresh here. discern辩明，领悟 ——长期的考证，敏锐的目光（强调result） (同)observe——（科学上）长期、敏锐考证（强调process） detect——侦察，侦探
spot——猛然发现（suddenly） I spotted an old friend of mine. indescribable无法描述的 beyond description utter表述 unutterable非言语所能表达的
express表达 expressible能表达的 inexpressible难以形容的 blur使……模糊不清 Tears blur my eyes.泪水模糊了双眼。 blur with由于……而看不清
befog——由于雾看不清 blot——墨水弄污 stain——由于污渍而弄得不美观
yeast激动 来源：酵母，发酵粉
I am yeasty.我有点激动。 yeasty talk空洞的，一派胡言 fathom领悟，彻底了解 fathomless无法计量，无法了解的 fathomable能够了解的
原意：测量（水）深的手段 go to the bottom of sth.研究 with plumb研究
comprehend理解 penetrate深入，探索
interminably没完没了地 terminable可终止的，有期限的（有完有了：） a terminal（汽车）终点
（同）unbounded无边的，limitless无限的，无界限的，never ending无限的cease停止 ceaselessly winkle挖掘（向外挖） dig（向下）挖 易混：wrinkle皱纹
super impose添上，加上 impose强加 He is very imposing.他很威严。 Imposing building宏伟的楼 love affairs 恋爱
incidentally顺便说一下 （同）by the way; in passing in the sight of以某人观点 =in the eye of He is in sight.他出现了。 Out of sight
Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。 undoing祸根 undo解开 ruin毁坏
The scandal undoes his fame.丑闻把他的名声坏了。=The scandal is the undoing of his bad fame. smoking undoes my health.
pertinent中肯的 pertinent suggestion/proposition合理建议 （同）apposite适当的，suitable合适的，applicable可用的 be pertinent to sth.和……有关 =be relative to
flirt调情 flirt with sb.不认真对待某人。 flirtatious玩世不恭的，轻浮的
inmost内心深处的 =at the bottom of one's heart at the inmost point Notes on the text
…those I have known, and (whom)I respect…这里whom可省略，但加上表示强调（为数少）
set pen to paper诉诸笔端，也可以用apply pen to paper = write pass for (= be regarded as)被当作，被认为 a train/line of thought思路 pick me up提神 destination目的地
journey旅途（跋山涉水地）（创作的历程）； 而trip游山玩水地
to my (certain) knowledge = as I know set设置 reset重新设置 heard of听说
skeleton骷髅；提纲 =outline breaking打破 =drop
remaking重新构想 rethinking timing时间的转换 interweaving交织 come to逐步的
organic有机的（flexible）
self-discovery自我发现（对自己人性的解刨） reflection思索 psychology心理学 be of结构，表示一种状态 It is interesting. = It is of interest. revise修改（谈到写作）
a blurred image appears突然出现了一个模糊 的影子
image = figure
brushstroke绘画的技巧 not until直到……才
condensed thinking浓缩的思想 outlive
( = live longer than)超出……，活得比……长 out- 超
outnumber数目超过，比……多； outwit比……聪明 total immersion完全沉浸其间（作家最高境界） narcissist自我陶醉者，自恋狂 narcissus水仙花 winkling out发掘出
might as well ( = have reason, is reasonable) He might as well be proud of son. bore令人讨厌的人 black look遭人白眼
cover the distance弥补之间的距离（= cater for） pertinent中肯的
a year or two back = a year or two years ago talent智慧 draft草稿
like any other表示单数\任何一个\make order调理程序 submit to屈服、容忍 =bear discipline纪律 critic批评家
when he flirts with fame当他不太考虑名誉问题的时候 错误，应为：追求名誉 take time off休息
from living with himself不再探索内心的感受 at its inmost point在内心深处
L49 Balloon Astronomy
Rockets and artificial satellites can go far above the ionosphere, and even escape from the Earth. Yet they are complex and expensive, and in their present stage of development they cannot lift massive telescopes, keep them steady while the observations are being carried out, and then return them safely. Balloons are much easier to handle, and are also vastly cheaper. Their main limitation is that they are incapable of rising to the ionosphere. A height of between 80,000 and 90,000 feet is as much as can reasonably be expected, and so balloon-borne instruments can contribute little to either ultra-violet astronomy or X-ray astronomy. All the same, the balloon has much to be said in its favour, since it can at least carry heavy equipment above most of the atmospheric mass--thus eliminating blurring and unsteadiness of the images. Moreover, water-vapour and carbon dioxide in the lower air absorb most of the infra-red radiations sent to us from the planets. Balloon ascents overcome this hazard with ease.
Hot-air balloons date back to the year 1783, and within a few months of the first flight a French scientist, Charles, went up two miles in a free balloon. Yet there is little resemblance between these crude vehicles and a modern scientific balloon, which has by now become an important research tool.
The main development has been carried out by M. Schwarlschild and his team at Princeton University in the United States, in collaboration with the United States Navy, the National Science Foundation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The 'Stratoscope' flights of 1959, concerned mainly with studies of the Sun, were remarkably successful, and the project has now been extended. With Stratoscope II, the overall height from the telescope to the top of the launch balloon is 666 feet, the balloons together weigh over two tons, and another two tons of ballast are carried for later release if height has be maintained during the night. The telesc
新概念英语第四册笔记大全
