demonstration: show/exhibition potentiality/potential tap one's potentials 挖掘潜力 possibility blame: criticize powers 倍数 calls for: needs extol him to the sky backward society
ardent follower of Aristotle and Ptolemy allege （内容一般不真实） observed with
Lord 勋爵 scratches 碎片
grinder 磨工，尤指磨刀具的工人，研磨者 a sheer liar telling lies to tell people to tell truth
forgive: pardon
moons 卫星 in his day 在他的时代 curved glass 曲面镜 convex 凸透镜 concave 凹透镜 fatter/thinner a pair of 一对 too abrupt/radical
L40 Themes and Variations
Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavourable and will probably become even more unfavourable in the future. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace. And not only to peace, but also to democratic institutions and personal liberty. For overpopulation is not compatib1e with freedom. An unfavourable relationship between numbers and resources tends to make the earning of a living almost intolerably difficult. Labour is more abundant than goods, and the individual is compelled to work long hours for little pay. No surplus of accumulated purchasing power stands between him and the tyrannies of unfriendly nature or of the equally unfriendly wielders of political and economic power. Democracy is, among other things, the ability to say 'no' to the boss. But a man cannot say 'no' to the boss, unless he is sure of being able to eat when the boss's favour has been withdrawn. And he cannot be certain of his next meal unless he owns the means of producing enough wealth, for his family to live on, or has been able to accumulate a surplus out of past wages, or has a chance of moving to virgin territories, where he can make a fresh start. In an overcrowded country, very few people own enough to make them financially independent; very few are in a position to accumulate purchasing power; and there is no free land. Moreover, in any country where population presses hard upon natural resources, the general economic situation is apt to be so precarious that government control of capital and labour, production and consumption, becomes inevitable. It is no accident that the twentieth century should be the century of highly centralized governments and totalitarian dictatorships; it had to be so for the simple reason that the twentieth century is the century of planetary
overcrowding.
New words and expressions precarious a. 不稳定的 perilous 山势险恶的，危险的 poverty n.贫困
I live in poverty. / I'm poverty-stricken. / My family is poverty-stricken.
constitute vt. 构成 constitute a menace 构成威胁 compatible with 和……处的来incompatible The meal is tolerable. 这饭还说的过去。 The meal is intolerable 这饭真差。
virgin work 处女作 virgin soil 处女地 virgin voyage 处女航 Virgin Mary 圣母玛利亚
apt a.易于 apt to / be apt to theme song 主题歌 Notes on the text
populations 表示各地的人口 to one another 相互之间有关系
to natural resources 和自然资源也有关系
the growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty=people become poorer and poorer
e.g. The growing prosperity in the midst of growing prosperity enables men to travel worldwide.人们越来越富使得人们可以周游世界。
permanent=long time, enduring 长期的，永久的(lasting) permanent love 永久的爱 / permanent friendship 持久的友谊 / permanent member 永久会员
And not only to peace, but also to democratic institutions and personal liberty. (无谓句) liberty 自由度，个人自由
I love my sister, my brother…also my grandmother. (强调grandmother)强调句
…, constitutes a permanent menace to peace, also to democratic institutions and personal liberty.(语气较弱)
freedom 用途很广 I enjoy freedom. 今天我休息。 liberty 政治上的自由 Statue of Liberty 自由女神像 numbers=population
dog-eat-dog 人吃人 竞争激烈的
lucrative job 肥缺 / cut figure out 崭露头角
tend 强调无意识的 e.g. He tends to rise early. 他习惯于早起。intend 强调有意识的 e.g. He intends to rise early. 他爱早起。 labour force 劳动力
surplus 剩余 surplus value 剩余价值 labour surplus 剩余劳动力
purchasing power 购买力
accumulated 堆积的，蓄积的（open-handed） tyranny n. 残暴
political and economic power=countries wielders 统治者
此句话的意思可表示为：
It is impossible for him/for individual to get anything under the ruthless nature and the merciless government.
power: 国家 America is a superpower. 美国是超级大国。
above all 首要 = among other things 表示强调说法 democracy:
to build a government of the people, by the people and for the people. (Lincoln) (民有、民治、民享) unless=if…not
favour: 恩惠 in the boss's favour. 这是老板的大红人 He is the boss's favourite. (很吃香) He is a diplomat. 他左右逢源，很会来事。
withdraw: 取走 and: 句式连接
My mother is a doctor, and my father is a driver. My mother is a doctor. And my father is a driver. be certain=be sure of
means 手段，方法 by means of 通过……手段
live on: 依靠……而生活 I live on rice/noodle.live by one's hands 靠劳动 live by the mountains 靠山吃山，靠水吃水 feed on
out of 从……出来 out of reason / He did out of impulse. 他出于冲动。
virgin territories 新的国度 make a fresh start 重新开始 financially independent 经济独立 = economically independent financially dependent on my parents 需要父母给钱
Mentally I would rather you stay. 打心眼里我是真舍不得你走。 be in a position to=be able to
这位教授有资格能对这个事件发表看法。 The professor is in a position to air on this topic. press upon=press on 施加压力给……
be apt to=tend to government control 政府控制capital 资本 it is no accident 决不是偶然
centralized : (I want to build a cradle for security. (Stalin)) Aldous Huxley (奥尔德斯·赫胥黎) (1894-1963英国作家，他最著名作品Brave New World (美丽新世界)描绘了以科学方式组织的理想社会的恐怖情景)
Aldous Huxley is No. 1 humorist in Britain. (林语堂) Arnold 阿诺德：英国著名作家（Aldous Huxley's uncle） Tomas Huxley (严复《天演论》，Aldous Huxley's grandfather) The Statue of Liberty: 碑铭(1886年，法国送给美国) \breathe free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\
\给我你那劳累，贫穷，蜷曲渴望呼吸自由的身躯，可怜被遗弃在你们海岸的人群们，交给我吧，那些无家可归的、颠簸流离的人们，我在金色之门高举明灯迎接他们\重点课文，37、39、40、31课
L41 The Origin of Things
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the
form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits ?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births--but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is, equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates '--if the term can be applied to peoples without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency.' No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child. New words and expressions
inherit vt.继承 disinherit v.剥夺继承权
illiterate n. 文盲 literary a. 文学的 literature n.文学 circum=surrounding 周围的 circus 马戏团，马戏场
circumspect a. 慎重的，周到的，小心谨慎的 environment n. (用单数) circumstance n. (用复数) deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人机会 rob: 抢 rob sb. of sth. e.g. He deprived me of the opportunity of education. / He deprived me of freedom. / I'm deprived./downfallen. possess: 拥有 dispossess sb. of sth. invest: 投资 devest: 拿走 denude v. 使身无分文
convince sb. of sth. e.g. He convinced me of his honesty. (强调结果)
persuade sb. to do sth. e.g. She persuade me to go shopping with her. （强调过程）
His speech is very convincing. (具有说服力) enlightened: 受到启迪
Listen to both sides, you will be enlightened. (兼听则明) the enlightenment 启蒙运动 We should base on understanding on reason. 理性认识世界 1. ancient philosopher (Aristotle) 2. Renaissance (文艺复兴)
3. scientific revolution
Religion always regarded human as vicious. (well-natured: 人性本善)
Famous figures: Bacon, Locke, Rousseau《The Confessions》 instruct: 指导 instructor 辅导员 cycle of instruction 教学周期 punctuate vt.加强，介入，加标点 acupuncture 针灸术 underline: 加强 fortify: 加强（工事） intensify: 强化 preach sermon missionary: 带着任务到国外传教 defendant n. 被告 (plaintiff: 原告 prosecutor: 原告（尤指刑事） MA=master of arts: 硕士 PHD：博士 defendant: 论文的答辩者 defend my thesis
mental outlook: 精神面貌 world outlook: 世界观 vision/view/sight
capacity n. 能力 breath capacity: 肺活量 capability/caliber: high caliber in the capacity of: 以什么身份
e.g. In the capacity of a chairman, I extend a warm welcome to all the delegates. 我以主席身份，热烈欢迎各位代表。 inherit vt. inheritor: 继承人
people/folk: 民族 （highly civilized） tribe: backward Mongolian tribe 蒙古部落 clan: 氏族 maternal: 母系 paternal: 父系
illiterate n. 文盲 literate: 有文化的 antiilliteracy 扫盲 compulsory service system 义务服役制 compulsory course 必修科目 optional/selective course: 选修科目 deem=regard/think I deem him right. He hampers my progress.
block / thwart shackle: 枷锁 impede: 阻止
jungle law: 丛林法则 the survival of the fittest 适者生存 savannah: 大草原（比较潮湿的湿地） in South America delinquency juvenile delinquency crime/sin/guilt
crime 非常严重 commit sin: 可以饶恕的罪行 Amitabha guilt: (抽象)犯罪 I am guilty.
confront vt. 面对 （face的书面用语） confront difficulty / be confronted with There's a confrontation between the two nations. convinced of: 被说服，相信=believing
As an apple is not an apple in any things until it is ripe, so a man without education is not a man in any things. as…so…结构
states=nations=governments 'invest': 投资
institutions of learning 学术机构 institutions of higher learning: 高等教育 'interest': 利息
in the form of / in the shape of
enlightened: 有知识的 potential: 潜在=possible elite: 精英
work out=design 设计 punctuate: 加强
wells: 源泉 wells of wisdom: 知识源泉 What would…(虚拟语气) benefits: 裨益
without (虚拟语气的成分居多)=but for: 若不是，若没有if there were not its benefits…
The ideas that come to him so thick and fast, where are they now?名词+疑问句=感叹句
Women, who can live with them? who can live without them? that we would have 虚拟 spiritual outlook: 精神面貌/世界 bare foot doctor: 赤脚医生 lay stress on: 强调，重视
'facts and figures': 数字和事实 （think, judge, reason） more on a good memory woman's wit 没有任何的解释 applied psychology: 应用心理学
capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens (nepotism: 裙带关系) / criterion: 标准 fashioned=designed=tailored
bookless: 没有书本 homeless / childless / treeless (a treeless mountain) 名词+less构成反义词
democratic: 民主的 / imaginable: 可以想象的 most+imaginable/possible (后置定语)
The most relax form possible is to go picnicking. equality: 平等 / same footing: 同起点 inherited by tradition is shared by all (equality) in this respect / regard / area: 在这一角度而言 equip (with knowledge) for life ideal 不具有比较最高级 progressive: 进步的 regain: 重新获得
Education can be spread to every man possible. (9 year compulsory educational system: 九年义务制) primitive cultures=in ancient times
cultures: 国家, different cultures: 不同的国家 obligation: 义务
binding: 绑, bound (As one of the social members, you had to take responsibility to receive education. ) 'illiterate' 文盲 script=word: 文字
compulsory: 强制的，义务的 attendance: 注册或到校报到=education (compulsory / forced / binding)
before we deemed it necessary
I went out before it rained. (before: (1)直译，之前 （2）之后 )
share in: 分享其中一份
\wilderness: 荒野
be equal to+名词或动名词=be qualified for
none of the hurry （拔苗助长）: to spoil a child by excessive enthusiasm
full development: 全面发展 / growing personality: 正在生长的人性（人格） there指wilderness ever-present: 无处不在
Mother's employment prevents her from being home to greet their children when they return from school. jungle: 丛林
know of: 了解，听说=hear of 'juvenile delinquency' 少年犯
No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
e.g. No man will marry her. (对整句man will marry her的否定) be confronted with=face =confront 本文特点：radical: 激进的
L42 Journey through Adolescence
Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such a loss of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part of the adults deeply shocks the adolescents, and makes them resolve that in future they will not talk to their parents about the places or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.
Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it ca hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realize how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who
admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust.
What the child cannot forgive is the parents' refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.
Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact hey did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment. New words and expressions Slurn. 诋毁 Annoy vt.使生气
Spiteful 恶意的，怀恨的 Dignity n.尊严 Resolve vt.决心 Disillusionment n.幻灭感 Stand up to 经得起 Infallibility n.一贯正确 Resent vt.怨恨 Sincerity n.诚挚 Charge n.指责 Retreat vi.后退
Unreasoning a.不凭理智的 Authoritarian a.专制的 Cow vt.吓唬
slur put /cast a slur on sb. 给 ….以诋毁
slander 诽谤 （lesson31） backbite He backbites me.Smear 涂污，诽谤Fame 名声Defame 诽谤Defamation 诽谤 put/cast a slur on…给…以诋毁 Annoy 程度not so strong
按程度分 irritate(烦了) anger fury（大发雷霆） 程度annoy=bother=displease=disturb
男女朋友吵架,令人心烦用 that really annoys me. 如用 that really angers me. 就分手了
annoying adj. You're reading a book, a mosquito hovers. You can say \
Vicious 恶毒的 Ill-natured 心眼怀的 Bitchy 恶毒的Venom 毒液 Venomous 邪恶的
Indignity 侮辱 Keep dignity 守住面子Lose dignity 丢面子To lie is to lose one's dignity.
Illusion 幻想 幻觉 （没有实际的幻想）
I'm under illusion that I will be a billionaire.
Fantasy 幻想Fancy 幻想 Mirage 幻想 海市蜃楼 幻景 Massage 按摩 Message 信息
Stand up to (severe test /严峻考验 rumor/流言 charge/指责 criticism/批评 )
It's raining hard（heavily）, I brave to school. 不顾风雨 冒着雨 Fallible 有问题的Flaw 瑕疵 flawless 无暇的Fault 错误 faultless 无误的Impeccable 完美无缺的
Every man is fallible. = No one is infallible. 人无完人 Resent 按程度分 dislike scold Retreat I retreat to an armchair. 我一屁股坐到椅子上I ~ to bed early. 我早早睡觉A summer retreat 避暑胜地 Unreasoning 不靠理智推理>Unreasonable 不合逻辑的 Dictator 专制Dictatorial 专制的Tyrannical 残暴的，专横的Domineering 霸道的 厉害的Authoritative 权威的 Coward 胆小鬼 Cower 颤抖Scare 惊吓Scare to death Bully 欺凌弱小者 Browbeat 恫吓My boss always browbeats me. Upset 使心烦（unhappy） Slip into 溜进去 Ungrateful child 不孝子孙 People/parents are often upset … Dine with sb. 和 … 吃饭 Furniture 家具 (un.)A piece /article /set of furniture Adolescent (13~16) Spoil himself 放肆 撒野 Accuse 指责 accuse sb. of sth. Loyal 忠诚的 忠心的 ~ to sth. Disloyalty 不忠 Make remark = say On the part of =on their part 就他们而言 Before very long 很快 马上Long before 很久以前 Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is …将来进行时 表示预见性极强 tight lipped 沉默的 they have brought this on themselves = as you sow,so will you raise. = fry oneself in one's own juice 自找麻烦 however good and adequate they may be both= they may be both good and adequate however 用倒装 adequate 称职的=qualified Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the ……. , that it(ideal) can hardly hope to stand up to a …… Developing 养成 Power =ability 能力 Opposition 对立面 Resisting 拒绝 resenting 怨恨，敌视 keep their dignity 保全面子 Tend to 不由自主的 表态度 loose lax extreme lenient L43 Our Developing World Faith in controlled nuclear fission is now being shown by the construction of atomic power stations. In Britain, Calder Hall on the coast of Cumberland first made its contribution to the National Electricity grid in 1957. Subsequently a chain of nuclear power stations was planned. Of necessity they are sited near the coasts or tidal water because of the need of much water for cooling and a certain discharge of possible radioactive effluent. Atomic power is associated in the public mind with the destructive force of atom bombs and partly for this reason, though it is claimed that there is no danger to be associated with atomic power stations, they are being sited away from populous centres. The present position is that the three main sources of power are coal, oil and water power. We sometimes refer to electricity ,gas or petrol as if they were the actual source of power , forgetting that electricity must be generated by the consumption of coal or oil or by the utilization of water power, whilst coke,gas and petrol are examples of secondary fuels by which coal and oil may be more effectively used. Where alternative sources of power are available there are some marked contrasts in handling. The bulk and weight of coal required in the majority of manufacturing industries is large in comparison with the bulk and weight of other raw materials. This is not always true--was with the manufacture of pig iron and steel from low-grade iron ores-- but it did lead to the concentration of industrial developments on the coal-fields, a phenomenon well seen in such countries as Britain where the Industrial Revolution came before the days of oil or electricity. Coal being a solid must be distributed mainly by rail or water. By way of contrast oil can be transported large distances by pipeline but overseas movement has involved building of large numbers of tankers, including now some of the largest vessels afloat. Unless suitable on other grounds oilfields have not become industrial regions; on the contrary the oil industry is marked by a certain amount of smell and an element of danger, hence the siting of refineries at a distance from population centres. It is not always realized that the owners of pipelines can handle the oil of different customers, sending it through at different, periods. Natural gas can also be transported large distances by pipe. Early in 1959 Britain received the first ship cargo of natural gas----liquefied for the purpose of transport. L44 The Backward Society If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low. This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overhead in a business is analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overhead of a business is low to the extent that everyone working in the business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.
新概念英语第四册笔记大全
