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消化道柿石症70例临床诊治分析 - 图文

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Medical Diagnosis 医学诊断, 2020, 10(3), 168-172

Published Online September 2020 in Hans. http://www.hanspub.org/journal/md https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2020.103027

消化道柿石症70例临床诊治分析

田 娜1,王 素2,种瑞峰2,周 洁3,刘小雷4*

12

青岛大学附属医院内分泌科,山东 青岛 青岛市城阳区人民医院普外科,山东 青岛 3

青岛市优抚医院第四病区,山东 青岛 4

青岛大学附属医院平度院区普外一科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2020年9月6日;录用日期:2020年9月21日;发布日期:2020年9月28日

摘 要

目的:探讨消化道柿石症的临床特点、诊治及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析我科自2017年1月~2020年1月收治消化道柿石症患者70例。结果:70例患者均行CT检查,66例(94.3%)可见阳性结果。34例(48.57%)患者经药物治疗或内镜治疗成功粉碎柿石并排出。36例(51.43%)患者因无法排出柿石者行手术治疗。结论:既往腹部手术史是影响柿石形成和排出的重要因素,老年人更易出现柿石症。腹部CT安全、无痛、全面,是诊断消化道柿石症的优选方法,药物、内镜治疗柿石安全可靠,但要严格把握手术指征。

关键词

消化道柿石症,诊断,治疗

Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of 70 Cases of Digestive Tract Persimmon Disease

Na Tian1, Su Wang2, Ruifeng Zhong2, Jie Zhou3, Xiaolei Liu4*

12

Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong Department of General Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Chengyang, Qingdao Shandong 3

Department of Fourth Ward, The Qingdao Special Care Hospital, Qingdao Shandong 4

The First Department of General Surgery, Pingdu District, The Affiliated Hospital Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Sep. 6, 2020; accepted: Sep. 21, 2020; published: Sep. 28, 2020

*thstth

通讯作者。

文章引用: 田娜, 王素, 种瑞峰, 周洁, 刘小雷. 消化道柿石症70例临床诊治分析[J]. 医学诊断, 2020, 10(3): 168-172. DOI: 10.12677/md.2020.103027

田娜 等

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and treatment of digestive tract persimmon disease. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on 70 patients with di-gestive tract persimmon disease admitted to our department from January 2017 to January 2020. Results: CT examination was performed in all 70 patients, and positive results were found in 66 patients (94.3%). Thirty-four patients (48.57%) were successfully crushed persimmon stone and discharged after drug therapy or endoscopic therapy. 36 patients (51.43%) were treated by sur-gery, because they could not discharge persimmon stone. Conclusion: Previous abdominal surgery was an important factor affecting the formation and discharge of Persimmon stone, and the elder-ly were more likely to have persimmon stone syndrome. Abdominal CT is safe, painless and com-prehensive, which is the preferred method for the diagnosis of digestive tract persimmon stone. Drug and endoscopic treatment of persimmon stone is safe and reliable, but the surgical indica-tions should be strictly grasped.

Keywords

Digestive Tract Persimmon Stone Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment

Copyright ? 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access 1. 介绍

消化道柿石症通常是指患者经口进食柿子、山楂或黑枣等食物后,其在胃中潴留,以其为核心发生物理、化学反应而形成的硬质团块。临床上常表现为上腹部饱胀不适、腹痛,可伴有恶心、呕吐,如诊治不及时可继发肠梗阻、穿孔、溃疡、出血等并发症[1]。目前治疗方法以内镜、药物、手术治疗为主。我科自2017年1月~2020年1月收治消化道柿石症患者70人入院,现分析报道如下。

2. 临床资料

2.1. 一般资料

本组研究中共收录患者70例,纳入标准为患者腹痛等症状出现前有经口进食柿子、山楂或黑枣等食物的病史。排除标准为患者无上述病史,或者考虑其他原因所致腹痛等症状。一般资料见表1。查体腹部均有压痛,15例患者可触及腹部包块。70例患者均行CT检查,66例(94.3%)可见胃内或肠道内类圆形或椭圆形混杂密度团块,团块内可见不均匀气泡影,部分患者肠内可见气液平。39例(55.7%)患者行胃镜诊治,38例(54.3%)在胃内可见质硬柿石,其中1例行胃镜柿石已进入十二指肠,胃镜未见柿石。本研究涉及的所有患者临床资料均患者本人书面知情同意,青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准本项研究。

2.2. 治疗方法与结果

所有患者收入院后均给予禁饮食、持续胃肠减压、抑酸保胃、生长抑素微量泵入、预防腹腔感染、静脉补液等对症治疗。完善检查后行内镜下机械碎石。34例(48.57%)患者经药物治疗或内镜治疗成功粉碎柿石并排出。36例(51.43%)患者因无法排出柿石者行手术治疗。1周后复查全腹CT平扫均未见柿石。

DOI: 10.12677/md.2020.103027

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Table 1. General condition of 70 patients with persimmon stone disease 表1. 70例柿石症患者一般情况

项目

性别

男 女 ≤35

年龄

36~45 ≥46 柿子 山楂

进食史

黑枣 两种及以上 腹痛、腹胀

临床表现

恶心、呕吐 便血及其他 手术史

既往史

糖尿病 其他

人数 46 24 5 24 41 31 18 15 6 62 37 1 45 14 11

比例(%) 65.71 34.29 7.14 34.29 58.58 44.29 25.71 21.43 8.57 88.57 52.86 1.43 64.29 20.00 15.72

3. 讨论

消化道柿石症多由于进食柿子、山楂或黑枣等富含鞣酸、树胶、果胶、矢布醇的食物,其中鞣酸遇到胃酸可与食物中的蛋白质结合,形成不溶的鞣酸蛋白而沉淀于胃内,而果胶和树胶遇酸形成凝胶,将沉淀的鞣酸蛋白粘合成块,并与食物纤维残渣凝集形成大小不等的结石[2]。此外,已确定有多种危险因素与柿石形成有关[3],如胃肠道手术史[4]、影响胃肠蠕动的慢性疾病如糖尿病[5]等。

我们认为计算机断层扫描(CT)是影像学的优先选择,其灵敏度高达95%和特异度高达70%。CT可以发现消化道内各部位的多种粪石,清楚显示肠袢(绞窄、水肿、缺血、腹腔内积液),并可以准确评估手术指征[6]。在CT下柿石情况通常表现为:外观为带气泡的圆形或卵圆形团块,其内可见不规则筛状气泡影,边界清楚、边界硬化,呈细线状壳样高密度影,形似胶囊壁,有学者称之为胶囊征(如图1(A)、图1(B));如并发肠穿孔、梗阻可见腹腔游离气体、肠管内气液平等。

柿石的治疗主要取决于其组成成分、体积大小、嵌顿或卡压的位置。治疗方法主要包括:药物治疗,内镜下治疗、手术治疗等。有研究认为质子泵抑制剂、碳酸氢钠、可乐和酶制剂(如胰酶、纤维素酶、木瓜蛋白酶)等均可以对植物性柿石有溶解作用[7] [8] [9] [10],但具体应用方法、剂量尚未达成共识。可乐是目前最常用的溶解植物性柿石的化学药剂。Ladas等的研究认为可乐对植物性柿石的敏感性高达91%,因此其建议用经鼻胃管注入或经口服用3 L可乐溶解柿石[10]。但是,如患者合并高龄、糖尿病、溃疡、穿孔等情况时大量可乐可加重病情。另外,溶解后的柿石碎块仍有阻塞幽门、小肠的可能,导致继发性肠梗阻[11]。因此,需要更多研究来完善和评估药物治疗。

柿石常见位于胃内,因此有些研究推荐内镜下碎石应优先于手术治疗[12]。在内镜直视下通过活检钳、鼠咬钳、异物钳、鳄鱼嘴钳及息肉圈套等器械,采取抓、割、切等物理方法碎石,粉碎后的柿石碎块可以通过篮网取出、或经消化道排出。内镜下碎石局限性较大,仅适用于胃内的、质地较软、直径较小的柿石,对于质地坚硬、位置低于幽门、直径较大的柿石治疗效果欠佳(如图2)。另外,内镜下碎石的专门器械非内镜室常规配置,多数地区和医院尚未配备,价格高昂,且易损耗,医疗成本较大。

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Figure 1. (A) A huge mixed-density mass in the stomach with irregular sieve or honeycomb-shaped air bubbles (red arrow); its boundary is clear and the edges are hardened, also known as the “capsule sign” (yellow arrow); (B) Large mixed density clumps in the intestine, with irregular sieve-shaped or honeycomb-shaped air bubbles (red arrows); clear borders and har-dened edges, also known as “capsule sign” (yellow arrows); combined intestinal obstruction can be seen Multiple intestinal gas and liquid level (green arrow)

图1. (A)胃内巨大混杂密度团块,其内见不规则筛状或蜂窝状气泡影(红色箭头);其边界清楚、边缘硬化,又称“胶囊征”(黄色箭头);(B):肠内巨大混杂密度团块,其内见不规则筛状或蜂窝状气泡影(红色箭头);其边界清楚、边缘硬化,又称“胶囊征”(黄色箭头);合并肠梗阻可见多发肠内气液平(绿色箭头)

Figure 2. Huge, hard gastrolith in the duodenum under endoscope 图2. 内镜下十二指肠内巨大、坚硬胃石

本次研究中,我们按既往腹部手术史将患者分为既往手术组45例和非手术组25例,既往手术组中34例(75.56%)因保守治疗效果欠佳行手术治疗,非手术组中仅2例(8%)行二次手术治疗,差异明显,说明腹部手术史是影响柿石形成和排出的重要因素之一,这可能与手术会使原解剖结构改变,形成肠粘连,导致肠内容物难排出困难有关;此外,从统计数据中可以发现,老年人更加容易引起柿石症。如诊治过程中腹痛持续不缓解甚至进行性加重,并发腹膜炎、消化道穿孔、消化道出血、肠扭转、肠梗阻、腹水

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等并发症者,需急症手术干预。另外,如果柿石通过幽门后,进入空肠、回肠,药物溶石和内镜碎石效果均欠佳,则需手术治疗。随着技术不断发展,腹腔镜手术逐步成为主流,柿石症是否发生率会降低,有待未来进一步研究。手术方案通常是剖开肠管取出柿石,也有推荐通过挤压的方法将柿石粉碎后向远端肠管推进,最好将柿石及(或)碎块推至通过回盲瓣。但是这样做易导致肠浆膜层、肠系膜撕裂,也有可能并发黏膜出血。因此手术方案选择需谨慎,操作过程需轻柔,如预计方案无法顺利进行,及时调整手术方法。

4. 结论

综上所述,我们认为,对于柿石症患者应首先详细询问病史、完善全腹CT检查,明确柿石大小、位置,病程早期可优先考虑药物治疗,治疗过程中完善内镜检查、定期复查全腹CT,评估手术指征,对前述治疗方案效果较差者或合并急性并发症者及时采取手术治疗。

致 谢

感谢国家自然科学基金资助项目(项目编号:50902110)。

参考文献

[1] 王世和. 胃石症的内科治疗进展[J]. 临床消化病杂志, 1997(3): 118-119.

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Phytobezoars: An Update. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 3, 721-726. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v3.i8.721 [3] Kement, M., Ozlem, N., Colak, E., Kesmer, S., Gezen, C. and Vural, S. (2012) Synergistic Effect of Multiple Predis-posing Risk Factors on the Development of Bezoars. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 18, 960-964. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i9.960 [4] Ben-Porat, T., Sherf, D.S., Goldenshluger, A., Yuval, J.B. and Elazary, R. (2016) Gastrointestinal Phytobezoar Fol-lowing Bariatric Surgery: Systematic Review. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 12, 1747-1754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.09.003 [5] Dhakal, O.P., Dhakal, M. and Bhandari, D. (2014) Phytobezoar Leading to Gastric Outlet Obstruction in a Patient with

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DOI: 10.12677/md.2020.103027

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消化道柿石症70例临床诊治分析 - 图文

MedicalDiagnosis医学诊断,2020,10(3),168-172PublishedOnlineSeptember2020inHans.http://www.hanspub.org/journal/mdhttps://doi.org/10.12677/md.2020.103027消化道柿石症70例临床诊
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