= kJ
△U = Q + W = - kJ + kJ = - kJ
△H = △H1 + △H2 + △H3 ={ 0 +()+()} kJ = - kJ
3-34 100℃的恒温槽中有一带活塞的导热圆筒,筒中为2 mol N2
(g)及装于小玻璃瓶中的 3 mol H2O(l)。环境的压力即系统的压力维持 120 kPa 不变。
今小玻璃瓶打碎,液态水蒸发至平衡态。求过程的Q,W,△U,△H,△S,△A及△G。
已知:水在100℃时的饱和蒸气压为ps=,在此条件下水的摩尔蒸发焓△vapHm= kJ·mol-1。
解:见书本例 (p122)。本题虽然系统的压力为120kPa,大于水在100℃时的饱和蒸气压,但因有N2(g)存在,在气相中水蒸气的分压小于其饱和蒸气压时,水即可蒸发。本题的水量较多,水是全部蒸发,还是部分蒸发,我们先计算为好。
先求水的蒸发量。水在100℃时的饱和蒸气压为ps=,末态N2(g)的分压p2 (N2,g)=p – p(H2O)= kPa。N(的物质的量为2 mol,2g)据分压定律,求得水蒸气的物质的量为
n(H2O,g)?[p(H2O,g)/p(N2)]?n(N2) ?(101.325/18.675)?2mol?5.426mol
可见,3mol的水全部蒸发成水蒸气。
因 △H(N2,g)=0,△H(H2O,g)=3×△vapHm=3× = kJ
?H?122.004kJ?Qp
W = - p△V= - {△n(g)RT} = - n(H2O,g)RT={ - 3××}J = - kJ
△U = Q + W = kJ - kJ = kJ
?S(H2O)??H/T?(122.004?103/373.15)J?K?1?326.957J?K?1?S(N2)?n2Rln(p1,N2/p2,N2)??2?8.314ln(120/18.675)?J?K?1?30.933J?K?1
△S= △S(H2O)+ △S(N2)= J·K-1
△A = △U - T△S = 112696 J – × J = -20850 J = - kJ
△G = △H - T△S = 122004 J – × J = -11543 J = - kJ 3-35 已知100℃水的饱和蒸气压为,在此条件下水的摩尔蒸发焓△vapHm= kJ·mol-1。在置于100℃恒温槽中的容积为100 dm3 的密闭容器中,有压力 120kPa的过饱和蒸气。此状态为亚稳态。今过饱和蒸气失稳,部分凝结成液态水达到热力学稳定的平衡态。求过程的Q,△U,△H,△S,△A及△G。
解:先计算容积为100 dm3 的密闭容器中水蒸气的物质的量: 始态:ngp1V1?120?103?100?10?3?????mol?3.8680mol ??RT1?8.3145?373.15?末态:ngp2V2?101.325?103?100?10?3?????mol?3.2659mol ??RT1?8.3145?373.15?可设计如下过程
3.8680mol H2O(g)3.2659mol H2O(g), 0.6021mol H2O(l)?H ???33120kPa, 100dm,373.15K101.325kPa, 100dm,373.15K
△H1 △H3
3.8680mol H2O(g)?H3.2659mol H2O(g), 0.6021mol H2O(l) ????101.325kPa, 373.15K101.325kPa, 373.15K2
△H1=△H3≈0 △H=△H3 =×()kJ= - kJ △U = △H - △(pV)≈△H - {△n(g)RT}
= {- - ()×××10-3} kJ = kJ
恒容,W=0;△U = Q = - kJ
?S?(?3.868?8.3145?ln(101.325/120)?24486/373.15)J?K?1
=( – )J·K-1 = - J·K-1
△A = △U - T△S = {- 22618 – ×()} J = -162 J = - kJ △G = △H - T△S = { -24486 – ×()} J = -2030 J = - kJ 3-40 化学反应如下: CH4(g)?CO2(g) 2CO(g)?2H2(g)
??(1)利用附录中各物质的Sm,?fHm数据,求上述反应在25℃时
??的?rSm,?rGm;
?(2)利用附录中各物质的?fGm数据,计算上述反应在25℃时的?; ?rGm(3)25℃,若始态CH4(g)和CO2(g)的分压均为150kPa,末态CO(g)和
H2(g)的分压均为
50kPa,求反应的?rSm,?rGm。
解:列表如下
物质 ???/kJ·mol ?fGm/kJ·mol Sm/ J·mol?fHm-1-1-1·K-1 H2(g) 0 0 CO(g) CH4(g) CO2(g) -1-1
??={2×+2× – – } J·mol·K (1)?rSm???BSmB = J·mol-1·K-1
???rHm???B?fHmB={2×0 +2×()- ()-()} kJ·mol-1
= kJ·mol-1
???= {247269 – ×}= 170730 J·mol?rGm??rHm?T?rSm-1
= kJ·mol-1
-1
??= {2×0 +2×()-()-()} kJ·mol (2) ?rGm???B?fGmB = kJ·mol-1 (3)设计如下途径
rm??2CO(g,100kPa)?2H2(g,100kPa) CH4(g,100kPa)?CO2(g,100kPa)???G? △G1 △G2
rm??2CO(g,50kPa)?2H2(g,50kPa) CH4(g,150kPa)?CO2(g,150kPa)???G?G1?n(CH4)?RTln(150/100)?n(CO2)RTln(150/100)?2RTln(150/100)
= J·mol-1
?G2?4RTln(100/50)= J·mol
-1
??rGm??rGm??G1??G2=(873)kJ·mol
-1
=161860 J·mol-1 = kJ·mol-1
???rSm??rSm??S1??S2??rSm?2Rln(150/100)?4Rln(50/100)
={ ++}J·mol-1·K-1= J·mol-1·K-1
3-42 汞Hg在100 kPa下的熔点为 – ℃,此时比熔化焓
?fush= ·g
-1
;液态汞和固态汞的密度分别为?(l)= g·cm-3和?(s)= g·cm-3。
求: