高中化学方程式总结大全
一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H) 1、氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸) F2+Xe(过量)==XeF2
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2F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4) nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属) 2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2 (水是还原剂) 2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2 F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2 F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2 7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF (ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO ) 3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 ) Cl2+H23Cl2+2P3Cl2+2Fe
2HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸) 2PCl3
Cl2+PCl3Cl2+Cu
PCl5 CuCl2
?Cl2+2Na2NaCl
2FeCl3
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl) Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2
??Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I=2Cl+I2 3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO3
3Cl2+I+3H2O=6H++6Cl+IO3
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
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5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+
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Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓ Cl2+S2=2Cl+S↓
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Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl+S↓ Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
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Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42+2Cl
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Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl+O2 2O2+3FeS+H2S+Fe S+2Cu3S+2Al
Fe3O4
O2+K===KO2
ZnS
–
–
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??H2S 2S+CCS2 S+Zn FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取) Cu2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取) Al2S3 (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
N2+3H2
催化剂 高温高压 2NH3
N2+3MgN2+6NaN2+2Al
Mg3N2 2Na3N 2AlN
N2+3CaN2+6K
Ca3N2 2K3N
N2+3BaN2+6Rb
Ba3N2 2Rb3N
P4+6H24PH3 H2+2Li2LiH 2、还原性 S+O2
SO2
P+3NaNa3P 2P+3ZnZn3P2
S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
2-S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+SO4 3S+4HNO3(稀)
3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
?3S+4H++4NO3N2+O2 4P+5O22P+3X2
2NO
P4O10(常写成P2O5)
2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O CO2
PX3+X2 PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓)C+2F2C+O2(足量)
CF4
C+2Cl2CCl4
2CO
2C+O2(少量)
C+CO22CO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气) 2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅) Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl) Si(粉)+O2
SiO2
Si+C
SiC(金刚砂)
?2?Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH+H2O=SiO3+2H2↑)
3、歧化反应
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Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化: (Cl2+H2OH++Cl+HClO)
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Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)
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Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O) 3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH5Cl+ClO3+3H2O)
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3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH2S2+SO32+3H2O)
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4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2) 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaO
CaC2+CO↑
–
–
–
3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑
二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性 2Na+H22Na+O2
2NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O2Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)
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2Na2O2
2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH+H2↑
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2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2+H2↑ 4Na+TiCl42Mg+O2
4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2Mg+S
MgCl2 MgS
Mg+Br2MgBr2
2MgO
2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备) Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑ 2Mg+TiCl42Mg+CO2
Ti+2MgCl2 2MgO+C
Mg+2RbCl2Mg+SiO2
MgCl2+2Rb 2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S==MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ 2Al+3Cl2
2AlCl3
(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧) 4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐) 4Al+3MnO22Al+Fe2O3
2Al2O3+3Mn Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+Cr2O32Al+3FeO
Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应) Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑ 2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
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Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
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2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H2↑ 2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2
Fe3O4
2Fe+O2
2FeO (炼钢过程)
Fe+I2FeI2 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备) 3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑ Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑ Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓
(完整版)高中化学方程式总结大全高一至高三
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