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实用学位英语语法

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动词的时态

一、一般现在时:

1、 由when、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till、until等引起的时间状语从句,以及由if、unless、

provided that等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。

例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams.

2、 当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,常常用一般现在时态。例:The earth is round.地球是

圆的。

二、一般过去时: 区分三个短语的用法:

1、 used to dosth:过去常常做某事。

2、 be/get used to doing sth:习惯做某事。 3、 be used to do sth:被用于做某事。 三、一般将来时:

1、 be to+动词原形:表示安排或计划好了的动作。例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before

National Day.

2、 be about to+动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。 3、 一些表示动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表示动作方向,如往来的动词,常常用现在进行时

态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情,这类动词常见的有如:start, go, leave, come, arrive等。例:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去北京。

四、进行时态:

重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。 When表示时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时?”,主句多用进行时态;while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“正当?时”,该从句用进行时态。

例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry.

I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis.

五、现在完成时:

重点区分have(has)been to:某人去过某地,表示一种经历,强调状态,可以和once, twice, often, never, ever连用;

Have(has) gone to:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,强调动作。此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。例:He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。He has been to America twice.他去过美国两次。 六、过去完成时:

1、强调一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前时,用过去完成时。

2、It was the first/second/last time that?,在该句型,that从句用过去完成时态。 七、将来完成时:

常常标志性地由by、by the time、by the end of引起一个表示将来时间段的时间状语,主句用将来完成时态。

感官动词、使役动词的用法及英语中常考的两个句式结构

一、感官动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的感官动词有“五看二听一感觉”(see、watch、look、

notice、observe;hear、listen to;feel),在主动语态中用动词原形或现在分词作宾补,如see sb do/doing sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be seen to do sth。

二、使役动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的使役动词有make、let、have,在主动语态中用动词

原形做宾补,如make sb do sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be made to do sth, 两种形式都表示使/让某人做某事的意思。例:We were made to study hardy.我们被要求努力学习。

三、英语中常考的句式结构一:sth need/ want/ require doing 某物需要?(=sth need/want/require to be done)

(此句式主语为物)例:My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理). 四、英语中常考的句式结构二:have/get sth done 请/让别人做某事(have/get后接宾语为物)例:I have taken

many photos. I’m going to get the filmdeveloped.

五、情态动词的被动语态,其构成为:情态动词+be+过去动词。例:The work must be finished before lunch.

这项工作必须在午饭前干完。

第三节情态动词

常见的情态动词有can、could;may、might;must、need;should;ought to,对于情态动词常考其两方面

的内容,一是情态动词用于推测句型,二是情态动词用于虚拟语气(该部分的讲解放在虚拟语气) 一、情态动词用于对现在内容推测的常见句型有:

1、Can/may do sth:表示对现在内容的可能性的推测; 2、Must do sth:表示对现在内容的肯定性的推测。 二、情态动词用于对过去内容推荐的常见句型:

1、can/may have done sth:表示对过去内容的可能性; 2、must have donesth:表示对过去内容的肯定性的推测。

例:1、Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied.

2/ I believe he must have had an accident,otherwise he would have arrived on time.

第四节虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示与客观事实相反的假设,由if虚拟条件从句和主句构成。 一、虚拟语气的基本内容

根据虚拟与其这种与事实相反的假设所对应的时间不同,虚拟语气的if虚拟条件从句与主句的谓语动词分

别有三类构成形式: 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实可能相反 If虚拟条件从句 Did/were Had done Were to do/did/should do 主句 Would/should do Would/should have done Would/should do 例:1、I wouldn’t talk that way if I were Peter.

2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been

lost 3、Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.

4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. 5、Do you think there would be less conflict(战斗、斗争) in the world if all people spoke the same language. 6、If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time. 二、.if的省略形式(又称虚拟语气的倒装结构)

在if虚拟条件从句中,如果谓语部分包含were,should,had等词,则可以把这些词放到主语前,省略if,构成虚拟语气的倒装结构。

三、主句与从句时间不一致时虚拟语气的构成

当虚拟语气的if虚拟条件从句和主句的动作发生的时间不一致时,要根据各自表示的时间采用对应的虚拟语气的构成形式。

例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.

2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.

四、主观倾向性动词引导的虚拟语气的构成

在英语中存在一些动词,表示建议、命令、要求等主观的倾向,由这些动词引导的that宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。这类常见的主观倾向性动词有“一坚持、二

命令、三建议、五要求”,分别是:

一坚持:insist 二命令:order、command 三建议:suggest、advise(n advice)、propose(提议、建议)五要求:ask、demand、require、request、desire

例:1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.

2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out.

同时,如果在题干中出现上面这些主观倾向性动词的名词和形容词形式,题干中从句部分的谓语动词也要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。考试中常见的词汇有:order,command,suggestion,advice,proposal,demand,request,desire,advisable,desirable。 五、wish that?和if only引导的虚拟语气的构成

Wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句都用虚拟语气来表示一种没有实现或无法实现的愿望,其中wish that句型往往翻译为:多么希望?;if only表示的愿望较wish that更强烈,常翻译为但愿;要是?就好了。两者的用法基本相同。两者的用法是: 1、当表示与现在的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:did/were; 2、当表示与过去的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:had done; 3、当表示未来一时很难实现的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:would do。

六、would rather引导的虚拟语气的构成

Would rather的意思是“宁愿、宁可”其引导的宾语从句(一般省去that)通常用虚拟语气表示一种与事实相反的假设。我们可以假设A、B是两个人,通过牢记一下句式来记住其用法: 1、A would rather B didsth:表示与现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。 2、A would rather B had donesth:表示与过去事实相反的一种假设 七、It is (high) time that?句型中虚拟语气的构成 It is (high) time that?句型表示“早该是?的时候了”,在that从句中,谓语动词一般用(did) 例:1、It’s high timewe did something to stop traffic accident. 2、Don’t you think it is time you gave up smoking? 八、in case、lest、for fear that引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成

in case、lest、for fear that引导的目的状语从句,表示忧虑或担心,翻译为“以防万一?”,从句的谓

语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。

例:1、Written applications should be sent to us in case there be some problems with the electric version. 2、I wrote it down in case I should forget it. 九、含蓄虚拟语气的构成

虚拟条件句有时不是通过if虚拟条件从句明显地表达出来,而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中,这种情况称作

含蓄虚拟语气。经常标志性地用于含虚拟语气的介词、副词有:without(要是没有),but for(要不是),otherwise(否则,要不然)。只要见到这几个词,所要选择的虚拟语气的构成多用would have done形式。 例:1、Without your help, we would not have achieved so much. 2、But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday. 十、as if,as though引导的虚拟语气的构成 As if,as though翻译为“好像”,谈论的往往是不可能或不真实的情况,他们所引导的状语从句要用虚拟

语气,谓语动词采用的形式和wish that句型中谓语动词采用的形式相同。 十一、it is+形容词+that引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成

在it is+形容词+that引导的从句中,如果该形容词表示“重要的、必须的、强制的”、者“惊奇的、令人不

满的”,that从句中的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。

1、用于表示“重要的、必须的、强制的”的形容词常见的有:important、vital(极重要的)、critical

(决定性的)、crucial(决定性的)、necessary、essential(必不可少的)、urgent、compulsory,obligatory(必须的),imperative(必要的、紧急的)

2、用于表示“惊奇的、令人不满的”的形容词常见的有:strange、surprising、amazing,unthinkable、

odd(奇怪的)、incredible(不可信的,不能相信的)、ridiculous。

十二、虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合

一句话中,句子的一部分采用虚拟语气的构成形式,另一部分则采用与事实相对应的某一种时态,这样就

形成了虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合的现象。在这种情况下,最为常见的一个词是but,一般情况下在虚拟与不虚拟相混合的句子中,由but引起的句子选择与事实相对应的某一种时态,而不采用虚拟语气的构成形式。

例:I would have come earlier, but I didn’t know you were waiting.我本来可以早些到,但我不知道你在等我。 十三、情态动词用于虚拟语气 记住以下句式及其含义:

1、should/ought to have done sth本来应该做某事而未做

2、should not have done sth / ought not to have done sth本来不应该做某事而做了 3、need have done sth:本来需要做某事而未做 4、need not have done sth本来不需要做某事而做了 5、could have done sth本来能够做某事而未做

6、could not have done sth本来不能够做某事而做了 7、might have done sth本来可以做某事而未做

8、might not have done sth本来不可以做某事而做了

第五节非谓语动

一、动词不定式

动词不定时的基本结构和用法

1、动词不定式的基本结构及其否定式 一般式 完成式 进行式 主动形式 (not)to make (not)to have made (not)to be making 被动形式 (not)to be made (not)to have been made 2、动词不定式的语法功能 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、

定语、状语和补足语。

例:(1)Good-bye, Mr. Wang. I’m pleased to meet you.

(2) Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people to do their best. 3、动词不定式的被动式

当不定式的逻辑主语(一般情况下是动词不定式前面的名词)是不定式所表示的动作的对象(或动作的承

受者)时,不定式一般要用被动式。

例:(1)Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house to be decorated so well. (2)The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker. 4、动词不定式的完成式

当不定式所表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动词不定时的完成式。 例:(1)Judging from his manner at the party, he doesn’t seem to have received much education. (2)The book is said to have been translated into several languages up to now. 5、动词不定式的复合结构

如果需要指出不定式所表示的动作的发出者(即逻辑主语)时,要再不定式前用for加名词(或代词)表

示。

例:(1)It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish.

(2)It is necessary for you to hand in the papers immediately. 6、同一动词接不定式和动名词的区别

英语中有些动词既可以接动词不定式,又可以后接动名词,但是两种形式所表达的意思却是截然不同的。

考试中常见的形式有:

Stop to do:停下来去做另外一件事情 stop doing:停下正在做的事情 Go on to do:继续去做另外一件事情 go on doing:继续做正在做的事情 Try to do:尽力去做某事 try doing:尝试去做某事 Mean to do:打算做某事 mean doing意味着某事

Remember to do:记得要去做事情 remember doing:记得曾经做过某事 Forget to do:忘记要去做某事forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事

Regret to do:不得不去做某事 regret doing 后悔曾经做过某事 例:1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest.

2、Men will never stop searching for new ways of getting new energy.

3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on talking like that? 4、Don’t forget to close the window before leaving the room. 二、动名词

动名词即动词ing形式,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。 1、动名词的基本形式 一般时 完成时 主动形式 Doing Having 被动形式 Being done Having been done 例:(1)、Arriving for the lecture early is better than taking the chance of being late. (2)、At school Li Ming ran into many problems, such as choosing classes and handling his time. (3)、Finding answers to these questions is something like a detective story. 2、英语中后接动名词的常见动词有: Admit、appreciate、avoid(避免)、consider、delay、deny(否认、拒绝)、enjoy、escape、finish、imagine、

miss、practice、risk、suggest等。

例:We shall appreciate hearing from you soon. 3、英语中接动名词的常见词组有: Be accustomed to doing(惯常的,习惯于)、be used to doing(过去习惯),devote to doing(把?奉献、专用)、

feel like doing、look forward to doing、object(反感) to doing、can’t help doing、have trouble (in)doing、have difficulty doing、have a hard timedoing等。

4、英语中后接动名词的常见形容词有: Be busy doing,be worth doing等。

5、英语中后接动名词的常见名词有:

There is no use doing、there is no point(意义)doing、there is no good doing、 there is no need doing 6、动名词的否定式

动名词的否定式是在动名词前面直接加not。

例:John suggested not saying anything about it until they found out more facts. 7、动名词的逻辑主语

当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词。 例:(1)、He forgot about my asking him to attend my wife’s birthday party. (2)、I object to his making private calls on the office phone.我反对他用办公室的电话打私人电话 8、动名词的完成时

实用学位英语语法

动词的时态一、一般现在时:1、由when、assoonas、theminute、themoment、till、until等引起的时间状语从句,以及由if、unless、providedthat等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。例:Theywillgohomeforw
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