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1. have
taught 2. using 3. are
sweeping 4. weren’t
listening 5. to
receive 6. have …
lived
7. came …
didn’t 8. did … see,
saw
9. would be
used 10. would
happen 11. had … left
12. have been
built 13. be
cleaned 14. was lying 15. was
raining 16. was
cooking 17. are doing,
Don’t make
18. have …
beeen, went 19. arrives 20. are made 21. writing 22. be done
23. to choose 24. to learn 25. tells,
will tell
第四章 动词的语气
一.概念
语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us. If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time. 2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表
if条件句中的谓与动词 1. 行为动词用did 形式 2. be动词用were had + done 主句的谓与动词 should would could + 动词原形 might should would could + have + done might should would could + 动词原形 might 与现在的事实相反 与过去的事实相反 与将来的事实相反 1. 行为动词用did 2. should + 动词原形 3. were to + 动词原形 3.混合时间的虚拟语气
如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today. 2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”
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needn’t have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了” 5.虚拟语气中的倒装句
如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, could, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party. Were I you, I would do more practice after class. Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气， 表示“可惜…；….就好了； 悔不该…； 但愿…。”
主句谓语 时态 现在时 表示与wish同时发生 wish 过去时 表示在wish之前发生的动作 从句谓语 谓语动词的形式 动词用过去时 be动词用were 动词用had done be用had been 将来时 动词用would do; should do 表示在wish之后发生的动作 be 用 would be ; should be 1)I wish I knew the key to the answer. 2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week. 4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建议动词suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟 should +动词原形； should 不可用would 来替代; 主句所使用的动词时态不限。
8.suggest 为“建议去做…; 命令…”从句用should + do
为“ 说明； 暗示”, 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day. 2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist “坚持要去做…，坚持应该去做”，从句用should + do为“坚持表明，坚持说/解释”， 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表语从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型，should 可以省略。
11.在主语从句中，当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等，从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式。其谓语动词时should + 动词原型， 或should 省略。
三.巩固练习
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier. A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be 2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.
A. am B. was C. were D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office. A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come
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4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain 5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do 6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ? A. is B. will be C. were D. be 7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded 8. If he ________, he _________ that food. A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going. A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented 10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn’t believe C. saw; couldn’t have believed D. has seen; had believed 11. —Do you think the thief entered through the window?
—No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window. A. he would have B. he must have C. he had D. should he have 12. —Did you go swimming last Sunday? —No. We would have gone ______ nicer. A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been C. had the weather been D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress. A. Had; not been B. Should; not been C. Did; not been D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would have left B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river. A. should be built B. would built C. will be built D. built
四.答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
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第5章 助动词
一.概念:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。 c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？ d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。 2. 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。 3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 3.助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？ Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？ 2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
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过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。 4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？ ---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？ 4. 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如： I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。） He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。） 5.助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：\我下周干什么？\我问道。 可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。 比较：\will go,\he said. 他说：\我要去那儿。\变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。 6. 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如： Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词） 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
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