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2013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义
第一部分 方法论讲解
? 英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？ 英文 mind 中文 ? 英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍 语义（词汇） 语序
句子可以是这样的：There is something by reason of which man is man. ①There is something. ②Man is man by reason of (因为)which this thing. 世间存在一种东西，人之所以是人，就是这种东西。 ? 英语句子的分类：
简单 句和 非简单 句
简单句的定义： 只含有一套主谓结构的句子 ? 简单句的障碍来源
简单句没有障碍的情况:
1. 主语+谓语 2. 主语+谓语+宾语 3. 主语+谓语+双宾语 4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
5.主语+系+表语 （表语为形容词时候，表语又可以称作主语补足语）
William ，do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ?
简单句的障碍来源：（问题在于识别和处理）
1. 定语 2. 同位语 3. 插入语 4. 状语
? 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法
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定语: 修饰和限定名词的成分；根据位置分为：前置定语；后置定语。（名字n.前后之分） 作用和识别：
前置定语（可以有多个定语）+n
Adj. 物主代词；ving(单);；ved（单）； n
后置定语：
形容词短语 a student unaware of my presence 形容词+介词+名词 现在分词短语 Otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou 现在分词ving+介+名；ving+名； ving+连词+句子
过去分词短语 a picture painted by Picasso ved+介+名 n. + 动词不定式短语 a way to solve this problem to+ v（原形） 介词短语 an apple on the table 介+ 名词 /（介+代 代词就是代替名词的词语）
表语形容词作定语后置a cat alive 表语形容词充当定语后置
不定代词定语后置 something important 不定代词充当定语后置
处理：前置（翻译成中文的时候），也可以拆分，特别是后置定语较长的时候。
定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 定语从句的作用：1，修饰和限定名词
▲2，连接两个具有共同名词的句子
3，表示因果关系
今生：.I have three books of which the red is my favorite.（of which 叫做关系代词） 前世：①I have three books. ②The red of those three books is my favorite . 定语从句的识别：
（基本结构） 人称代词 who,whom,which.that,as
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名词+连接词+句子 关系代词：物主代词 whose 后加 非完整句 定语从句的连接词： 关系连词：when,where,why,how 后加 完整句
介词+关系代词（就是介词短语）：as,that和who 后加 完整句/非完整句 定语从句的处理方法： 1拆分；2，找指代；3，还原
Eg1.A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge /off which they both fall into the river.
Eg2. Man is born as a blank sheet of paper /on which each culture writes its text.
Eg3. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. （whose 引导的定语从句 后面表示因果关系） Eg 4. The sun rises that looks beautiful.
练习：请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子：
The ambition must be highly regarded(认同) by people /who are themselves admired. The educated is not least among them.
The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,
(The ambition must be highly regarded by people；People are admired by people. )Among whom
educated is not least . The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,
(With) The educated not (being) least among them. 独立主格结构
同位语：对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。 随意编辑
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作用：为了增加句子的多样性和正式性。 识别： 处理：跳读
1 A，B，kevin,head of intelligence service(情报机关),is quite NIU. 前三种都是对名词进
行说明
2 A—B— A,B都是名字 3 A or B
4 句子—A 这个名字A可以修饰前面句子中的一个名词，这个名字A也可以修饰前面的句子。 句子，A 5 A of B
Eg1. The Court supported the medical principle of \effect\a centuries-old moral principle（名词的修饰）
Eg2.Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and （并列动词做谓语will have to）be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals/ that(指代goals,修饰整个句子) pose a real challenge. (句子的修饰)
A of B为同位语的条件：A为上义词，B为下义词 上下义词又称为种属词，如 fruit -apple ;city-beijing
上下义词的作用：增加语言表达的多样性，增加语言表达的正式性
如，the computer上义词 the invention ;the technology 下义词 the PC
除了定语从句中，其余句子中that 充当的是关系连词，表示只表连接， 后面连接的都是完整句。 同位语从句：(不属于简单句的范畴) 作用：解释和说明前面一个名词
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结构识别：
名词+连接词（只能用关系连词来充当，不能用关系代词充当，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）； 名词+that+句子（完整句） 处理：从连接词处切分（连接词后）
例子：背。同位语从句
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi（同位语）, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice（后置定语）, sweltering with the heat of oppression（后置定语）, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream（省略了一个that） my four little children will one day live in a nation / (定语从句)where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!
From I Have a Dream~ Martin Luther King
插入语： 作用：增加语言的表达多样性
识别：被两个逗号或者破折号隔开的成分。（任何成分都可充当插入语） 处理：跳读 P8
万能插入语：
▲Rather than: 而不是（肯前否后）
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何凯文长难句突破完整版(含授课内容)讲解
