初中英语语法归纳复习：被动语态
重难点：掌握八种常见时态的被动语态，并能根据不同情景，灵活运用被动语态。 【知识总结归纳】
一. 概念：表示动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子是被动语态。 二. 主动语态与被动语态之间如何转换
We Visited that factory last summer ?主动语态
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
That factory was visited by us last summer ?被动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语
三. 各种不同时态的主动语态与被动语态的对比 时态 一般现在时 am / is / are + P.P. 主动语态 （1）Do they speak French ? （2）They don’t use the room . 一般过去时 was / were + p.p. （1）The hunter killed a tiger . （2）He wrote many stories last year . 现在进行时 am / is / are +being +p.p. （1）These workers are building a new bridge . （2）He is mending his car . 过去进行时 was / were + being + p.p. （1）He was selling books . 被动语态 Is French spoken by them ? The room isn’t used by them . A tiger was killed by the hunter . Many stories was written by him last year . A new bridge is being built by these workers . His car is being mended by him . Books were being built by him . The plan was being （2）They were discussed by them at that discussing the plan at that time . time . （1）She has learned many English words . （2）He has finished the work . Many English words have been learned by her . The work has been finished by him . 现在完成时 have / has + been + p. p. 过去完成时 had + been + p.p. （1）They has solved the problem . （2）We had told him the news by then . The problem had been solved by them . The news had been told to him by us . 一般将来时 shall / will be + p.p. （1）I shall make a plan . A plan will be made by me . （2）They are going to fix The radio is going to be the radio in an hour . fixed by them in an hour . （1）He told me they would paint the room . （2）They were going to put on a play the next week . （1）We should hand in our homework . He told me the room would be painted by them . A play was going to be put by them the next week . Our homework should be handed in by us . 过去将来时 would be + p.p. was/ were going to be + p.p. 情态动词 can / may / must / should + be + p.p. The question must be （2）You must answer the answered in English by question in English . you . 四. 如何正确使用被动语态 1. 有些动词带有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，变被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是：若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语，需要在间接宾语之间加上介词“to”。
eg. He often tells us interesting stories . （主动语态）
Weareoftentoldinterestingstoriesbyhim.??（被动语态）
Interestingstoriesareoftentoldtousbyhim.?▲常带双宾语的词有：tell , show , lend , pass等。
2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当，to被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to还要还原。
eg. I often hear her sing this popular song . （主动语态） She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被动语态）
▲ 有这种用法的常用动词有：make , let , see , hear , watch , feel , notice等。
3. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”
比较：（1）?(系表结构)?Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。
ThedoorisclosedbyFengping.这个门是由冯平来关的。(被动语态)???（2）?。(系表结构)?Theglassisbroken.这个玻璃杯是坏的
的。(被动语态)?TheglasswasbrokenbyMary.这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏4. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+介词词组才可以有被动语态。 eg. ??GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.(正确)
?GreatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinChina.(错误)【总结】
一、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 现在完成时
例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start. 3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例A new cinema is being built here． 4） was/were done 一般过去时
例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5） had been done 过去完成时
例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6） was/were being done 过去进行时
例A meeting was being held when I was there. 7） shall/will be done 一般将来时
例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8） should/would be done 过去将来时
例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. 9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用） 例The project will have been completed before July. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保
留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother
for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例I don't like being laughed at in the public. 二、 如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 例 My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。
例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）
三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：
It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。
例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
例Your reason sounds reasonable 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1． 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2． 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）. 5． 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。
例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under
treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
例The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our hope． 我们的成功始料不及。
例The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。
例His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4．“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于……、 为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。 例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5．“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。
例The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
6．“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。
例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7．“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出…… 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。 例 The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． 。 8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。
例He took two days off within the teacher's permission
【题型展示】
1. A talk on Chinese history in the school hall next week . A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give 2. To make our city more beautiful , rubbish into the river . A. needn’t be thrown B. mustn’t be thrown C. can’t throw D. may not throw 3. You may go fishing if your work . A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done 4. The trees must three times a week . A. water B. is watering C. be watered D. waters
初中英语语法归纳被动语态
