his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective. This may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or that the situation has changed which makes his offer ___6___ to him. The common practice is to make use of a faster means of communication to send the message of withdrawal so that it can reach the offeree earlier than the offer does.
Revocation of offer
To revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree, and it has become effective, the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness. The issue of whether an effective offer may be revoked _7___ hot debates among scholars from different law systems. The civil law system __8__ that an offer is __9___ within the validity time, or during the time in expectation of a reply, while the common law system provides that an offer may be revoked at any time unless it is accepted. The Convention makes some mediation between the two legal systems of the world which agrees in principle that an offer is revocable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the following two occasions, an offer is irrevocable. 1) It indicates, whether by starting a fixed or otherwise, that it is irrevocable. 2) If it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in __10___ on the offer.
1. A. objective B. meaningful C. effective D. helpful 2. A. proposal B. tone C. case D. term 3. A. differs B. coincides C. deals D. copes 4. A. refuses B. dispatches C. confirms D. receives 5. A. withdrawal B. lose C. validity D. mediation 6. A. good B. unfavorable C. well D. worst 7. A. raises B. arouses C. rises D. puts 8. A. provides B. writes C. names D. relies 9. A. revocable B. irrevocable C. relevant D. irrelevant 10. A. rely B. depend C. dependence D. reliance
2．语境意义题：
文中有五处缺少内容，请从文后的选项中选出合适的选项，填回到原
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文中相应的位置 （5空，每空3分）
Many of today's banking services were first practiced in ancient Lydia, Phoenicia, China, and Greece, where trade and commerce flourished. The temples in Babylonia made loans from their treasuries as early as 2000 B.C.. The temples of ancient Greece served as safe-deposit vaults for the valuables of worshipers. The Greeks also coined money and developed a system of credit. The Roman Empire had a highly developed banking system, and its bankers accepted deposits of money, made loans, and pur- chased mortgages. Shortly after the fall of Rome in AD 476, banking declined in Europe.
(1) _______C________ The moneychangers of the Italian states developed facilities for exchanging local and foreign currency. Soon merchants demanded other services, such as lending money, and gradually bank ser- vices were expanded.
The first bank to offer most of the basic banking functions known today was the Bank of Barcelona in Spain. Founded by merchants in 1401, this bank held deposits, exchanged currency, and carried out lending operations. It also is believed to have introduced the bank check. (2) ____________b___aA These institutions laid the foundation for modern banks of deposit and transaction.
For more than 300 years, banking on the European continent was in the hands of powerful statesmen and wealthy private bankers, such as the Medici family in Florence and the Fuggers in Germany. (3) _________D______
The Bank of France was organized in 1800 by Napoleon. The hank had become the dominant financial institution in France by the mid-1800s. In Germany, banking experienced a rapid development about the middle of the 19th century with the establishment of several strong stock-issuing, or publicly owned banks.
Banking in the British Isles originated with the London goldsmiths of the 16th century. These men made loans and held valuables for safekeeping. By the 17th century English goldsmiths created the model for today's modern fractional reserve banking -- that is, the practice of keeping a fraction of depositors' money in reserve while ex- tending the remainder to borrowers in the form of loans. Customers deposited gold and silver with the goldsmiths for safekeeping and were given deposit receipts verifying their Ownership of the
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gold deposited with the goldsmith. These receipts could be used as money because they were backed by gold. But the goldsmiths soon discovered that they could take a chance and issue additional receipts against the gold to other people who needed to borrow money. (4) ________B______E_ Hence , the amount of receipts or claims on the gold frequently exceeded the actual amount of the gold, and the idea that bankers could create money was born. (5) ________f____A___ Other banks existed in the colonies prior to this, most notably the Bank of Pennsylvania, but these banks were chartered by individual states. In 1787 the Bank of North America changed to a Pennsylvania charter following controversy about the legality of a congressional charter. Other large banks were chartered in the early 1780s by the various states, primarily to is- sue paper money called bank notes. These notes supplemented the coins then in circulation and assisted greatly in business expansion. The banks were also permitted to accept deposits and to make loans.
A. Three other early banks, each managed by a committee of city officials, were the Bank of Amsterdam (1609), the Bank of Venice (1587), and the Bank of Hamburg (1619).
B. This worked as long as the original depositors did not withdraw all their gold at one time.
C. The increase of trade in 13th-century Italy prompted the revival of banking. D. During the 19th century, members of the Rothschild family became the most influential bankers in all Europe and probably in the world. This international banking family was founded by German financier Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1743 ~1812), but it soon spread to all the major European financial capitals.
E. Because there were no minimum reserve requirements on deposits, bank notes were secured by the assets of the issuing banks. Most assets took the form of business loans.
F. The first important bank in the United States was the Bank of North America, established in 1781 by the Second Continental Congress. It was the first bank chartered by the U.S. government.
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III．形式主义类题（5句，每句4分，共20分）
该题型旨在考核学生两种语言对应能力，五个汉语单句需译成英语，
要求体现原语形式意义。
1．世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization，英文缩写为WTO）成立于1995年，其前身是关税和贸易总协定（GATT）。
1． The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. It is the successor to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. (GATT)
2. 只有使国际社会的广大成员都受益，经济全球化才能顺利地推进，世界经济才能持续稳定地发展。
2． Globalization will grow smoothly and the world economy develop in a sustained and
steady manner only when most members of the international community can reap the benefit.
3. 亚太经合组织的发展应反映各成员最广泛的共同利益。采取更富有成效的合作方式，缩小成员间的差距，增强凝聚力。
3． APEC should develop in a way that reflects the broadest common interests of all its
members and adopt more effective cooperation modalities to narrow the gap between its members so as to enhance their cohesion.
4. 为了协助你方的销售，我们已经特地准备了一些新产品的样品，正在
另行邮寄给你方,以供你方考虑。
4． With a view to supporting your sales, we have specially prepared some samples of
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our new makes and are sending them to you , under separate cover, for your consideration.
5. 由于该商品需求量大，我们建议你方早日作出决定尽快向我们定货。
5． In view of the large demand for this commodity, we would advise you to work fast
and place an order with us as soon as possible.
IV. 风格意义类试题（共30分）
将下面段落译成适应原文风格的汉语表达，要求不仅译文忠实于原文，流畅无误，而且在篇章词语风格上，能与原文相适应。
1. A peaceful and stable environment is indispensable for sustained economic growth. Terrorism is a scourge that undermines stability. It is therefore a common task for people throughout the world to fight terrorism. Let us join hands in creating a regional and international environment in which people of all countries will enjoy success, peace and prosperity.
1． 保持经济的持续增长，必须有一个和平稳定的环境。恐怖主义是破坏稳定的社
会公害。反对恐怖主义是各国人民的共同任务。让我们携手合作，努力营造一个有利于各国人民共赢、共享安宁与繁荣的国际和地区环境。
2. China will, as always, commit itself to reform, opening-up and modernization drive. China has entered a new stage of development, a stage in which it is building a well-to-do society throughout the country and speeding up socialist modernization. We are implementing the Tenth Five-Year Plan
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商务英语翻译试题(一)试卷及标准答案-
