Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factoryautomation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad ofresearch profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand2013年第二十三届全国初中应用物理竞赛试卷
（巨人杯）
一、本题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分．以下各小题给出的四个选项中只有一个是正确的，把正确选项前面的字母填在题后的括号内．
1．（2分）（2007?株洲）验钞机发出的“光”能使钞票上的荧光物质发光；家用电器的遥控器发出的“光”，能用来控制电风扇、电视机、空调器等．对于它们发出的“光”，下列说法中正确的是（ ） A． 验钞机和遥控器发出的“光”都是紫外线 B． 验钞机和遥控器发出的“光”都是红外线 C． 验钞机发出的“光”是紫外线，遥控器发出的“光”是红外线 D． 验钞机发出的“光”是红外线，遥控器发出的“光”是紫外线 2．（2分）（2013?济宁）在严寒的冬季，小满到滑雪场滑雪，恰逢有一块空地正在进行人工造雪，他发现造雪机在工作过程中，不断地将水吸入，并持续地从造雪机的前方喷出“白雾”，而在“白雾”下方，已经沉积了厚厚的一层“白雪”，如图所示，对于造雪机在造雪过程中，水这种物质发生的最主要的物态变化，下列说法中正确的是（ ）
A． 凝固 B． 凝华 C． 升华 D． 液化 3．（2分）在有些地区，人们常在小河边洗衣服．如图所示，人们先把脏衣服浸泡在河水里，然后提出来放在石板上，用木棒捶打，水花四溅…，如此反复多次，直到衣服被洗净为止．这里，用木棒捶打的主要目的是（ ）
A． 把衣服上的灰尘打碎，以便于洗涤 B． 增大木棒与灰尘之间的摩擦，将灰尘带走 C． 迫使湿衣服里面的水从衣服纤维之间的缝隙中高速喷出，利用高速水流将灰尘冲洗掉 D． 木棒捶打，使衣服突然运动起来，而衣服上的灰尘由于具有惯性仍然静止，从而使灰尘脱离衣服 4．（2分）如图所示，海北中学有一个跑道为400m的操场，在操场的主席台和观众席上方一字形排列着A，B，C三个相同的音箱．在一次运动会的开幕式上，站在操场中的所有同学都可以听到音箱发出足够大的声音，但站在某些位置的同学却感觉听不清音箱中播放的内容，在图3的1，2，3三个位置中，位于哪个位置附近的同学应该是“感觉听不清”的？（ ） A． 1 2 B． C． 3 D． 在哪个位置都一样 5．（2分）如果发生油锅起火现象，下列做法中最不应该的是（ ） A． 加一些冷油，降低温度 B． 立刻盖上锅盖 C． 立即向锅内倒入冷水来灭火 D． 将蔬菜倒入油锅内 manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable LogicalController (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relayneeds was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that isManipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factoryautomation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad ofresearch profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand6．（2分）北斗卫星导航系统是我国自行研制的全球卫星定位与通信系统（BDS）．系统由空间端、地面端和用户端（导航仪）组成，全部建成后可在全球范围内为各类用户提供高精度、高可靠定位、导航、授时服务．2012年12月27日，北斗导航业务正式对亚太地区提供无源定位、导航、授时服务．关于“BDS”的工作过程，下列说法正确的是（ ） A． 导航仪只能接收地面端的中心控制系统的信息而不能接收导航卫星的信息 B． 导航仪只能接收导航卫星的信息而不能向导航卫星发送信息 C． 导航卫星发射的电磁波不能在真空中传播 D． 导航仪与导航卫星之间是通过电磁波传递信息的 7．（2分）（2013?内江）小明学习了电路知识后，想利用发光二极管设计一个开关有指示灯的照明电路，晚间关闭照明灯后，利用二极管发出的光指示开关所在的位置．他共设计了4个电路，如图所示，其中L为白炽灯，规格为“220V 60W”、D为发光二极管，规格为“1.2V 0.002A”、S为单刀双掷开关、R为限流电阻．图中能够满足要求的电路是（ ） A． B． C． D． 8．（2分）某测量仪器及其控制电路如图所示．仪器的等效内阻为100Ω，正常工作电流为100～300mA，电源电压为30V．控制电路由两个滑动变阻器组成，为了快速准确地调节仪器的工作电流，应选用哪一组变阻器？（ ）
A．R1=100Ω，R2=10Ω B．R1=200Ω，R2=20Ω C．R1=100Ω，R2=100Ω D．R1=200Ω，R2=200
9．（2分）明光中学的同学制定了一个划船比赛规则：①在距两个船队之间的中点处放置一个插有红旗的小木箱（发令枪响时被释放，随河水流动）；②甲、乙两船队（两船连线与水流方向平行）听发令枪同时从上游和下游向着小木箱出发；③先得到小木箱的船队获胜．针对这个比赛规则同学们展开了讨论，下列选项是一些同学的意见，其中正确的是（ ） A． 比赛规则不公平，对上游船队有利 B． 比赛规则不公平，对下游船队有利 C． 比赛规则公平，水流动对两船队影响效果一样 D． 条件不足，无法确定 10．（2分）小轿车匀速行驶在公路上，坐在副驾驶位置的小青观察到轿车速度盘的指针始终在110km/h位置处，在超越相邻车道上同向匀速行驶的另一辆大客车的过程中，小青发现自己经过该车的时间约为5s，如图所示．则被超越大客车的车速范围为（ ）
A． 10～20 m/s B． 20～30m/s C． 30～40m/s D． 40～5O m/s 二、简答下列各题（每题5分，共30分） 11．（5分）如图是常见的一种电动自行车，因其节能环保、便捷实用而受到很多工薪阶层人员的青睐．请你说出5种电动自行车上不同部件中蕴含的物理知识．
manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical
Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that is- 2 -
Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factoryautomation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad ofresearch profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand
12．（5分）小文同学学习了有关物理知识后，设想制作了一个为气球充气的电动充气泵，她画出了如图甲所示的结构示意图，其中永久磁铁下方为S极．充气泵在工作过程中，通过电磁铁线圈的电流大小随时间变化情况如图乙所示．请简述这个气泵为气球充气的工作过程．
13．（5分）明光中学物理实践小组在装配直流电动机模型后参加班级的实践成果展示交流会，在会上演示通过改变直流电动机的转动方向及转速使重物上升或下降的过程．电路元件包括一个单刀单掷开关、一个双刀双掷开关、一个滑动变阻器、一个小型直流电动机和一个直流电源，如图所示．请完成电路图的连接以实现上述功能．（操作过程中只能扳动开关，不得再改变电路中的接线）
14．（5分）电磁波遇到平滑的金属表面会像光遇到平面镜一样发生反射，反射过程遵循光的反射定律．小明与叔叔一起去参观救生艇时，发现救生艇的上方悬挂着一个由三块相互垂直的正方形薄金属平板组成的“角反射器”，如图所示．请你简述角反射器的工作原理以及该救生艇悬挂角反射器的原因．
15．（5分）民航客机在飞行过程中，飞行高度可达1Okm左右，在这种情况下，飞机外部的气温可达﹣60℃左右，气压也低至26～28kPa．但是座舱内却是温暖如春，气压和地面大气压相近．请应用物理知识分析飞机座舱内是如何获得如此舒适环境的．
16．（5分）一般说来，物体在温度升高时膨胀，温度降低时收缩，这一现象称为热胀冷缩．在相同的条件下，气体的热胀冷缩最显著，液体次之，固体最不显著．固体、液体、气体的这种性质都可以被利用．有一些电冰箱中的自动温度控制装置，就是根据气体热胀冷缩的性质制成的．如图是它的结构示意图，其中金属盒是用薄的弹性钢片制作，表面有一些环状波纹，内部密封有一定量的气体．结合图片尝试分析它的控温原理．
manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical
Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that is- 3 -
Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factoryautomation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad ofresearch profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand
三、（11分） 17．（11分）随着社会的进步，电冰箱已经成为现代家庭不可或缺的家用电器，下表是某品牌电冰箱的铭牌．请认真阅读铭牌上的信息，并结合平时的生活经验回答下列问题：
（1）小明认为，耗电量应当等于输入总功率与一天的时间的乘积，但计算后却发现，差异很大．这是为什么？
（2）电冰箱上标示的耗电量为0.58kW?h/24h．但是在炎热的夏季当电冰箱内装满食物后，小明利用电能表测量的结果大约是该耗电量的1.5倍，其可能原因是什么？
（3）若某电冰箱的耗电量按铭牌上标注的耗电量的1.5倍计算，该电冰箱一天要工作多长时间？ 产品型号 BCD﹣197*** 气候类型 防触电保护类型 总有效容积 冷冻室容积 额定电压/频率 亚热带型 ST 1 197L 67L 220V/50Hz 105W 输入总功率 0.58KW?h/24h 耗电量 能源效率等级（GB12021.2﹣﹣2003） 1级 0.45A 额定电流 R600a 56g 制冷剂名称及充灌量 四、（12分）
18．（12分）工人师傅经常使用一种称为“大力钳”的工具夹紧或切断金属材料，图所示为用于切断金属所常用的一种小型大力钳，其各部分尺寸已在图中标明（单位为cm）．若工人师傅的单手最大握力为900N，他使用该大力钳时，在被钳材料处能够产生的最大压力为多大？
五、（12分）
19．（12分）三峡水利枢纽工程是中国规模最大的水利枢纽工程，如图所示．枢纽控制流域面积约1.0×10km，
113
占长江流域面积的56%，坝址所在位置年平均流量为Q=4.51×10m．水利枢纽的主要任务包括防洪、发电、
54
航运三方面，在发电方面，三峡水电站共安装32台7×10kW水轮发电机组，另外还有2台5×10kW电源机
711
组，总装机容量（指34台发电机组同时工作时的总发电功率）P=2.25×10kW，设计年发电量约W=10kW?h．
33
阅读上述材料，解答下列问题（水的密度ρ=1．O×10kg/m，取g=10N/kg）：
（1）若三峡电站上、下游水位差按h=110m计算，试求三峡电站将水的势能转化为电能的效率η．
（2）若34台发电机组全部发电，要达到年发电量的要求，每台发电机组平均年发电机组平均年发电时间t为多少天？
6
2
manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical
Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that is- 4 -
Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get people's attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factoryautomation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didn't opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad ofresearch profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of \hen the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand
六.（15分）
20．（15分）寒假小明参加了学校组织的去内蒙古草原的冬令营之前，老师对他们讲了草原上防火和自救的知识，告诉他们，草原一旦起火，推进的速度很快，草原的火就像一堵墙一样大面积地向前推进；但由于草的质量小，很快就烧完了，所以当火墙的前面还在燃烧，火势的后面很快就会熄灭，因此火墙比较薄．这一点与森林火灾有着显著的不同．
基于草原火灾的特点，老师嘱咐他们，若遇到草原着火，一定要迎着火墙快速地冲过去．如果背着火，朝没有火的地方跑，很快就会被大火吞噬．
若某次草原发生火灾时，恰好西风，风速v1=1m/s，所形成的火墙厚度D=8m；火墙的推进速度可看作与风速相同，即v2=v1=1m/s．通常情况下，人在草原上奔跑的速度v3=7m/s；而在十分疲惫的情况下，持续奔跑的速度约为v4=1.5m/s．人的衣服被火焰点燃所需的时间约为t1=1.5s．
（1）请你通过计算说明老师所说的“草原火灾自救方法”的科学道理以及后面所说的“如果背着火，朝没有火的地方跑，很快就会被大火吞噬”的原因．
（2）假如草原发生火灾时，天刮着西风，这时你恰好在火场东侧约两百米的位置当时你随身携带有以下物品中的某一件：镰刀、铁锨、矿泉水．在不方便使用老师所说的“草原火灾自救方法”的情况下，请你简述你将如何利用上述物品逃生（任选两种作答，多选无效）？如果连上述随身物品也没有，你还能采用什么方法逃生（只说一种方法，多说无效）？
manipulator control mode and programmable controllers introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipment. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring for the development of China's modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed on one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical
Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS for short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich software resources, especially the need for immediacy in operational systems. So the computer can effectively control is used to control and meet its speed, on the virtual model, real-time and in computational requirements. Distributed system started with a control system for industrial automatic instrument used to control, whereas now it is successfully developed into industrial control computer used as a central collection and distribution system and transition of distributed control system in analogue handling, loop control, has begun to reflect the use of a huge advantage. Though distributed system has great advantages in loop regulation, but only as a means of continuous process control. Optimization of PLC is the corresponding relay needs was born, its main use in the work order control, early primary is replaced relay this hulking system, focused on the switch controlling the running order of functions. Marked by the microprocessor in the early 1970 of the 20th century emerged, micro-electronics technology has developed rapidly, people soon microelectronics processing technology will be used in the Programmable Logical Controller (that is- 5 -
2013年第二十三届全国初中应用物理竞赛试卷
