1. 查找并总结各类辅料代表性成分的英文表示方式，每类至少两种，中英文对照完成。 Active ingredient (drug)活性成分：
如阿司匹林（Aspirin）中的乙酰水杨酸（Acetylsalicylic acid）、布洛芬（Ibuprofen）中的异丁苯丙酸（Isobutylphenic acid） Fillers填充剂： 乳糖（lactose）、淀粉（starch） Binders (dry and wet)粘合剂：
羧甲基纤维素钠（Sodium carboxymethylcellulose、CMC-Na）、明胶（gelatin） Disintegrants崩解剂： 淀粉及其衍生物（Starch and its derivatives）［如羧甲基淀粉钠（Sodium carboxymethyl starch）］、纤维素衍生物类（Cellulose derivatives） Antifrictional agents抗磨剂： 聚乙二醇（PEG）、月桂醇硫酸镁（Magnesium Lauryl sulfate） Lubricants润滑剂： 氢化植物油（sterotex）、富马酸（Fumaric acid） Glidants助流剂： 滑石粉（talc）、微粉硅胶（aerosil） Antiadherants抗粘剂： 滑石粉（talc）、硬脂酸镁（Magnesium stearate） Dissolution modifiers溶出度调节剂：
羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP) Absorbents吸附剂： 活性炭（active carbon）、硅胶（Silica gel） Flavoring agents矫味剂： 甜精（Dulcin）、玫瑰油（Rose）
2. What is the results of no enough drug or over dosage drug absorption？
If not enough of a drug is absorbed, the disease against which the drugs is given is undertreated; if, on the other hand, too much of a drug is absorbed, toxic reactions associated with drug overdosage may result.
如果没有足够的药物被吸收，药物所抵抗的疾病就不会得到足够的治疗，另一方面，如果过量的药物被吸收，可能会导致与药物过量有关的毒性反应。 3. How the release of drug produce?
In most cases, the release of the drug is produced by the penetration of aqueous fluids into the fine residual pore structure of the tablet and the contact of these fluids with components that either swell or release gases. 在大多数情况下，药物的释放是通过使水溶性液体渗透到片剂的细小残留孔结构中，并使这些液体与膨胀或释放气体的成分接触而产生的。 4. How Atropine works？
阿托品可以阻断神经向胃肠壁肌肉和腺体的冲动传递，从而大大减少胃肠系统的运动和胃液的分泌，从而对消化性溃疡的发生起到有益的作用。
5. Penicillin G is unstable in the acidic stomach contents and so cannot be given reliably by
mouth. How to solve this problem？
This drawback was subsequently overcome by chemically modifying the structure of the parent drug.
这一缺陷通过对母体药物结构的化学修饰得以克服。
6. The difference between bacteriostatic agents and bactericidal agents?In Chinese.
Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents may, for practical purposes, be divided into twogroups: bacteriostatic agents, which act by stopping bacterial growth and thus perhaps allow the person’s own defense mechanisms to kill the invading bacteria; and bactericidal agents, which act by killing the bacteria.
答案：出于实际应用目的，抗菌的化学治疗药物可分为两类:抑菌剂，其作用是阻止细菌生长，从而可能使人体自身的防御机制杀死入侵的细菌;还有杀菌剂，它的作用是杀死细菌。 7. What is the great advantage of synthetic and semisynthetic drugs?
The great advantage of synthetic and semisynthetic drugsis that minor changes in the structure of the drug can be made during the synthetic process, and these changes may enhance or modify the therapeutic response to the drug.
在合成过程中可以对药物的结构进行微小的改变，这些改变可能会提高或改变药物的治疗效果。
8.Please present two basic mehtods used to prepare parenteral suspensions？Answer in English and translate into Chinese.
Two basic methods are used to prepare parenteral suspensions: (a) sterile vehicle and powder are combined aseptically, or (b) sterile solutions are combined and the crystals formed in situ.
两种基本方法用于制备胃肠外混悬剂:(a)无菌载体和粉末混合，或(b)无菌溶液混合，晶体原位形成。
9.总结胃肠道外制剂中常用的辅料类型。（中英文对照回答）
antioxidants抗氧化剂, antimicrobial agents抗菌剂, buffers缓冲剂, bulking materials填充剂, chelating agents螯合剂, inert gases惰性气体, solubilizing agents增溶剂, and protectants保护剂.
10.Which aspects of active drug influence the formulation of parenteral drug? Crystal Characteristics 晶体特性
Chemical Modification of the Drug 药物的化学修饰 Polymorphism 多态性 pH and pK
11.What are the advantages of controled-release technology?Answer in English and translate into Chinese.
The advantages include:优势包括:
1.Extended daytime and nighttime activity of the drug延长药物白天和夜间活性 2.Potential for reduced incidence of side effects降低副作用产生的可能性 3.Reduced dosage frequency减少剂量的频率 4.Increased patient compliance提高病人的顺应性
5.Potential lower daily cost to patient due to fewer dosage units used.由于使用的剂量单位较少，患者的每日费用可能较低。
12.列举sustained release forms的几种不同类型，中英文对照回答 Coated beads or granules or microencapsulate drug。 包衣珠或包衣颗粒或微囊化药物。 Embedding drug in slowly eroding matrix 药物嵌入缓慢溶蚀基质中。
Embedding drug in inert plastic metrix。
将药物包埋在惰性塑料基质中。 Complex formation 复合物。
Ion-exchange resins 离子交换树脂。 Hydrocolloid system 水胶体系统。 osmotic pump 渗透泵
13.Which type of drugs are best suited for incorporation into a sustained release product ?Answer in English and translate into Chinese.
The drug best suited for incorporation into a sustained release product are those having a fairly rapid rate of absorption and excretion, those having relatively small doses, drug that are uniformly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and those drugs used in the treatment of chronic rather than acute conditions.
最适合掺入缓释产品的药物是那些吸收和排泄速率相当快的药物、那些剂量相对较小的药物、从胃肠道均匀吸收的药物以及那些用于治疗慢性而非急性疾病的药物。 14.DC的优缺点？英文回答，并译成中文。
DC has little ability to mask inherent tableting deficiencies in an ingredient.
In addition,there will be little possibility for prior wetting of a hydrophobic drug and subsequent dissolution enhancement.
On the other hand, DC formulations are likely to be more stable,show fewer aging effects, and, is specific cases, offer the only workable production method.
直接压制几乎没有能力掩盖成分中固有的压片缺陷。 另外，几乎没有可能先润湿疏水性药物进而增强溶出度。
另一方面，直接压制配方可能更稳定，老化效果更小，并且在特定情况下提供唯一可行的生产方法。
15.补充：大多数英文说明书都包括以下内容： ①药品名称（DrugNames） ②性状（Description）
③药理作用（PharmacologicalActions） ④适应症（Indications）
⑤禁忌证（Contraindications）
⑥用量与用法（Dosageand Administration） ⑦不良反应（AdverseReactions） ⑧注意事项（Precautions） ⑨包装（Package） ⑩贮存(Storage)
汉译英：叶酸是一种黄色到橙色的结晶性粉末；无味或几乎无味。
Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, crystalline powder; odourless or almost odourless.
汉译英：建议剂量为每公斤体重每日10至15毫克，分3至4次口服，与食物合用。 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg body weight daily in3-4 divided doses orally, taken with food.
英语学习材料
