助动词和情态动词
教学目的：了解助动词和情态动词的用法
教学重点：情态动词的用法 教学难点：情态动词+完成式 学时数： 一、助动词
助动词本身无词义，它只是用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构，助动词共有5个： be, have, shall, do, will。下面分别讲述这五个助动词的用法： Ⅰ. be 的形式和用法 助动词 be 有八种形式：
缩略否定 原形 现在式第一人称单数 肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 式 be am 'm am not aren't 'm not 现在式第三人称单数 he, she, it 现在式第二人称单、复数和第are 一、三人称复数 you, we, they 过去式第一、三人称单数 I, he, she, it 过去式第二人称单、复数和第were 一、三人称复数 you, we, they 现在分词 being was was not were not not being wasn't 're are not is 's is not isn't 's not aren't 're not weren't 过去分词 been not been Note:在英国英语中，aren't 使用很广泛。在美国英语中使用较多的是被认为非标准的 ain't。
助动词 be 的主要用法是：
1. 与现在分词构成各种进行时态及与have和现在分词构成完成进行进态 (1) Fear of crime is slowly paralyzing American society. 犯罪恐惧症正逐渐地使用美国社会陷于瘫痪。
(2) The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answereD. 电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。 2. 与过去分词构成被动语态
(1) He was an ardent fighter for freedom and indepen dence. He was loved by millions and hated only by a handful. 他是个争取自由和独立的热诚战士，为成百万人所爱戴，为仅仅一小撮人所仇恨。
(2) They came to Europe where their mother had been educated and stayed three years. 他们来到他们的母亲受教育的欧洲，并待了三年。 3. 此外，be 还可用作连系动词，如：
It was one of the happiest afternoons he had ever spent. 那是他有生以来最愉快的一个下午。 Ⅱ. have 的形式和用法 助动词 have 有五种形式：
缩略否定 肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 式 haven't 've not 现在式第三人称单has 's has not hasn't 原形 have 've have not 数 现在式第三人称单has 数 过去式 现在分词 过去分词 had having had 'd had not not having 's has not 's not hasn't 's not hadn't 'd not 助动词 have 的主要用法是： 1. 与过去分词构成各种完成时态
(1) Newton has explained the movments of the moon from the attractions of the earth. 牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。
(2) Reluctantly, she opened the door, she had not kept it locked; there had been no need. 她勉强地开了门。她没有锁门，也没有必要锁门。 2. 与 been + 现在分词构成各种完成进行时态
(1) Men have been digging salt out of it for six hundred years and yet there seems as much left as ever. 人们在这里掘盐已六年，但盐似乎还是那么多。 (2) In another month's time Mr Henry will have been tea ching here for exactly thirty years. 再过一个月，享利先生就将在这里从事教学整30年了。 3. 此外，have 还可用作实义动词，意谓”有”、”吃”等 (1) Bad news has wings. 丑事传千里。
(2) You're anaemic, you must have some iron. 你患贫血症了，应该服一些铁。 4. have 还可用作使役动词
(1) We now have the problem solved. 我们现已把这个问题解决了。 (2) I had a tooth out this afternoon. 我今天下午拔了一颗牙。
Note: have 用作实义动词时不能使用缩略式。词组 have to 有情态意义，详见”
情态动词”。
助动词和情态动词
