engines that interact with the surrounding fluid. derive v.派生 导出 推导 推导出 中获得 导源 propulsive 推进 推进力 propeller n.螺旋桨 推进器
interact v.相互作用 相互影响n.幕间休息
surround v.环绕 包围 周围 围 围住 抱 拱抱 拱 困n.镶边
同时，船和飞机从螺旋桨或喷气式发动机获得推进力，这个推进力是螺旋桨或喷气式发动机与周围流体之间的相互作用而获得的。
7、These examples are by no means exhaustive.
by no means exhaustive 不胜枚举 并非详尽无遗exhaustive a.详细 彻底的 全面的 exhaust v.排气 耗尽 排出 尽 竭尽 竭 用光 耗竭 穷竭 殚 澌 吃 殚竭 废语 枯窘n.用尽 排气 尾气
类似的例子不胜枚举。
Other engineering applications of fluid mechanics include the design of canals and harbors as well as dams for flood control. canal n.运河，沟渠，水道
harbor n.港湾，海港；避难所，避风港 dams n.水坝
flood n.洪水 水灾 洪 汛 滥 v.泛滥 淹没 注满 滔 喷
流体力学在工程方面的应用还很多，比如运河、港口以及为控制洪水的堤坝。
The design of large structures must account for the effects of wind loading. account n.帐户 帐 记事 诉说 诉 状v.占 认为 认定 大型建筑的设计必须考虑风载的影响。
In the relatively new fields of environmental engineering and biomedical engineering, engineers must deal with naturally occurring flow processes in the atmosphere and lakes, rivers, and seas or within the human body. environment n.环境 周围 environmental a. 环境的
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biomedical 生物医学
deal with v.处理 处置 应付 办理 周旋 处 从事 办 待 应 经手 来往 贩 营支应 natural a.自然 天然 固有 当然 迹先 扑质蒙昧的n.白痴 天然的东西naturally ad.自然 理所当然 自是
occur v.发生 遇 遇见 蕴蓄 来 遇合 蕴
在环境工程和生物医学等相对新兴领域，工程师们还必须应付自然存在的流体的流动过程，包括在大气中、湖泊中、河流中、大海中以及人体内的流动过程。
Although it is not usually considered an engineering discipline, the phenomena of fluid motion are central to the field of meteorology and weather forecasting. consider v.考虑 认为 研究 虑 思量 算 看成 酌量 思 深思 思虑 思忖 酌 意 动脑筋 忖 讲 熟思
disciple n.弟子 门徒 徒弟 信徒 discipline n.纪律 学科 专业 纪 规律 课程 风纪 学术v.惩戒 训练 律 惩 锻 phenomena n.现象 meteorology n. 气象
weather forecasting 天气预报
尽管一般来讲，不认为气象学和天气预报是工程类学科，但是，流体运动现象仍是气象学和天气预报的核心。
8、Few engineers can function effectively without at least a rudimentary knowledge of fluid mechanics.
rudimentary a.初步 起码 低级
很少有工程师能够一点不懂流体力学的基本知识，就能有效地发挥作用的。
Large numbers of engineers are primarily involved with processes, devices, and systems in which a knowledge of fluid mechanics is essential to intelligent design, evaluation, maintenance or decision making. primarily 主要
involve v.涉及 包括 牵涉 包含 涉 牵扯 累及 卷入 带有 意味着 牵连 波及 连累 累 意味 缠 攀 带累 笼罩
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process n.过程 进程 加工 对...处置 v.处理 提炼 essential a.必要 必不可少 必需 根本 要紧n.要点 要领
intelligent a.智能 聪明 聪慧 聪颖 慧 聪 懂事 心灵 机灵 合理的
evaluation n.评价 评估 评测 evaluate v.评估 评价 评定 估价 鉴定 作价 评说 折价 maintain v.保持 维持 维护 保留 维修 保养 保 持 主张 养护 认定 保全 树立 安定 拥护maintenance n.维持，保养，维修，抚养 decision a.决断 定案 果断 主意 裁
多数工程师从事工艺、设备和系统等方面的工作，在这些工作中，流体力学的知识对于聪颖的设计、评估、维护与决策制定是至关重要的。
You probably cannot foresee exactly what problems you will be called on to solve in your professional career; therefore, you would be wise to obtain a firm grasp of the fundamentals of fluid mechanics.
foresee v.预知 预料 料到 预卜 未卜先知 意想 意 意料 预段
exactly ad.准确 究竟 恰好 刚好 恰恰 就是 恰 整 刚刚 exact a.确切 精确 准确 准 过份周到的 过份注意的v.索取 索 掊 罚金 罚款 exaction n.勒索 苛求 摊派 professional a.专业的 行n.专业人才 career n.事业 生涯 速度
wise a.明智 英明 高明 合理 聪 哲
firm n.公司 企业 厂商 果断a.坚定 坚决 牢固 稳固 坚固 坚 严格 硬 稳健固 牢 牢靠 决心 狠 刚 确 刚强 硬性 监 磐 严竣v.加固 加强 弄结实ad.坚固地 坚硬地 grasp v.把握 掌握 了解 领会 握 把 秉 捉 持 执 意识 掺 操 fundamental a.根本 基本的n.基本原理 基调
你也许不能准确预见你的职业生涯中将会面对什么样的问题，但你牢固把握流体力学的基础知识肯定是应明智的。
9、These fundamentals include a knowledge of the nature of fluids and the properties used to describe them, the physical laws that govern fluid behavior, the ways in which these laws may be cast into mathematical form, and the various methodologies (both analytical and experimental) that may be used to solve engineering problems. fundamental a.根本 基本的n.基本原理 基调
natural a.自然 天然 固有 当然 迹先 扑质蒙昧的n.白痴 天然的东西naturally ad.自然 理所当然 自是
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cast v.投 投射 抛 撒 下 撇 付n.铸件 抛掷 辗转 methodology n.方法论
这些基础包括对下列问题的了解：流体的种类，以及用来描述流体的那些属性、支配流体行为的物理学定律、由这些物理学定律生成的数学模型方法和那些用来解决实际问题的方法（既包括分析的方法，也包括实验的方法）。
Unit15 control system fundamentals
(1)Numerically controlled machines often weigh up to 100 tons and yet are required to position a cutting tool with an accuracy of the order of 0.002mm. The control system must move the tool at federates as high as 8cm/sec while encountering loads which may vary dramatically on a given path. The NC machine must have dynamic response characteristics that enable it to follow intricate contours with a minimum of path error. Clearly, these requirements dictate a control system that is matched to the mechanical characteristics of the machine it drives.
数控机械通常重达100吨，可是却要求安装一个精度高达0.002mm数量级的切削刀具。在遇到预定路径下载荷变化较大的情况时，控制系统仍要以高达8厘米/秒的进给速度下移动刀具。数控机床必须具有动态响应特性，使它能够复制较复杂的轮廓线，并具有最小的路径误差。显然，这些条件要求控制系统必须与它所驱动的机器机械特征相匹配。
(2) A control system is a combination of devices that regulate an operation by administering the flow of energy and other resources to and from that operation . Essentially, a control system is made up of interrelated subsystems that perform tasks which in orthodox machining processes are managed by an intelligent human operator.
控制系统是一组设备的组合，他通过管理能量流和与该操作有关的其它资源来控制操作。从本质上说，控制系统由相互关联的子系统组成，并有它们执行传统上通常由只能人工操作员控制的机械加工过程。
(3) The control systems for NC machines therefore serve to replace the human machine operator and significantly improve upon even the best human performance. A direct analogy can be made between numerical controls and the human operators the replace. Both:
因此，数控机床的控制系统用于代替人工机器操作员并可显著地改进即使最好的人工操作。可从以下几个方面对数字控制系统和它们代替的人工操作员直接进行类比：
① Sense the current status of the machine;
② Make logical decisions which are required to accomplish a task; ③ Communicate decisions to the machine by actuating proper mechanical devices; ④ Have the ability to store information: instructions, data, and the results
of logical decisions. ① 检测机器的现状；
② 做出完成任务所需的逻辑决策；
③ 通过操纵机械设备向机器传送决策信息；
④ 具有储存指令、数据、与逻辑决策结果等各种信息的能力。
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(4) In summary, a machine control system is a combination of electronic circuitry, sensing devices, and mechanical components which guide the cutting tool along a predefined path.
总之，机械控制系统是电路系统、检测装置以及机器零件的结合体，并指导切削刀具沿着预定路径实现进给动作。 (5) In the sections that follow, the reader is introduced to the theory of machine control.
以下的内容，将给读者介绍机械控制的原理。
(6) We have attributed four major characteristics to any control system: the ability to sense data; make logical decisions; communicate and actuate; and store information in a memory. If a system performs these functions without the aid of a human operator, by definition it automatically controls a given task. Let us consider one such simple operation.
译文：我们已经总结了所有控制系统具有的四个主要特征：监测数据的能力；做出逻辑决策；通讯及操纵机械；及在内存中存储信息。如果系统在不借助人工帮助下执行这些操作，根据定义它是自动地控制给定任务。让我们考虑下面这个简单的操作。 (7) Suppose that an electric motor is used to a freight conveyor between two floors of a building. To operate smoothly the conveyor must maintain a constant speed as additional loads are added from loading shoots. We can assume that the speed of rotation of an electric motor is directly proportional to the electric current supplied to it. Hence as the load increases on the conveyor, the torque requirement of the motor is increased and additional power must be supplied to maintain constant speed. This is usually achieved by increasing the supply voltage.
译文：假设电子马达被用于某建筑物两层楼的货物传送，为了顺利操作，当额外的载荷被加上时，传送带必须维持恒定的速度。我们可以假设，电动机马达的转速和直接所供给的电流成正比。因此，当传送带上的载荷增加时，马达的扭矩要求增加，因此为了维持恒定的速度必须提供附加的动力，这通常通过增加供给电压来实现。 （8）If a motor speed indicator is within sight of a human operator, he can control the conveyor speed by increasing or decreasing the voltage supply manually. Such a system is illustrated schematically in Fig.15.1. 如果一个电机的速度指示器在人类操作者的视线范围内，他可以通过手动增加或减小电源电压来控制传送带速度。该系统如图15.1所示。
（9）As indicated by Fig.15.1 (a), the operator first senses that the speed is below the desired value. Logically, he determines at an increase in power will increase motor speed. He communicates a decision, by actuating the power supply control lever, to increase voltage until the desired speed reading is obtained. In Fig.15.1 (b) the desired speed is read; hence, the operator takes no action. If the load is decreased so that a speed greater than the desired value is registered in Fig.15.1 (c), the operator will decrease voltage.
如图15.1.a所示，操作员首先发现速度低于期望值。逻辑上来说，他决定提高功率来提高马达速度。他通过操纵动力供给控制杠杆来传递决策，并提高电压，直到获得所期望的读数。在图15.1.b中所期望的速度显示出来，因此操作员不做任何操作。如果载荷降低。导
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机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译超级大全
