名词解释
1. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose
culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
2. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and
norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
3. Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture
or ethnic group.
文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
4. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that
set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.
亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
5. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors
which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
6. 文化震荡Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual
may encounter when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
7. 人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are
interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
8. 世界观worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God, the
nature of humanity and nature.指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。 9. Context :it’s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound
up with the meaning of the event . 10. 高语境文化High-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very
homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,. Chinese ,Japanese
11. 低语境文化Low-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which the population
is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,. American ,German
12. 个人主义Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine
theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .
个人利益胜于集体利益
13. 集体主义Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that
distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in group ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with in group membership .个人融入集体。 14. 对不确定因素的回避态度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s
tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。
15. 权利距离power distance：组织或机构里边，没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接
受和期望的程度。
16. 焦虑Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and
focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新环境下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己的情绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。
17. 假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how
they see things is called projected cognitive similarity. 从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法。
(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is. 18. 定势stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals
based on any observable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
19. 偏见Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a
particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.
偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。 20. 言语交际Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different
cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。
21. 禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular
group of people，or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。
22. 委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term
for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。 23. 非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken
symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。
24. 副语言：Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the
voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.
25. 时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指
研究人们如何看待和使用时间。
26. 时空行为：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including
territoriality and personal space.指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。
27. 目光语：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研
究目光传递的交流信息。
28. 气味行为Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics
对通过味道进行交流的研究。
29. 触觉行为Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .
通过身体接触来进行交流。
30. 身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types
of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.
指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。
31. Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females.
32. Gender concerns the psychological, social and cultural differences between
males and females.
33. Gender identity- perception of self as a woman or man, masculine or feminine 34. 良好的交际Competent communication：as interaction that is perceived as
effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的目标的有效交际。
35. 跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and
adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context.指理解和适应目标文化的能力，指对文化多样性的敏感性，也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。
36. 跨文化交际能力包括：involves cognition affect and behavior ,which are
inseparable in reality.认知能力，情感能力，行为能力，事实上他们是密不可分的。
跨文化交际_名词解释
