5.(10分)下图是元素周期表的一部分,根据① ~ ⑧在周期表中的位置按题目要求回答:
族 IA 周期 1 2 3
(1)在元素①~⑧中,非金属性最强的元素是 (填元素名称)。 ..(2)画出元素②的原子结构示意图: 。
(3)元素⑤⑥⑦的最高价氧化物的水化物,按碱性从强到弱的排列顺序是
(用化学式表示)。 ...
(4)元素①和⑧形成的化合物甲中含有 键(填“离子”或“共价”),请用电子
式表示物质甲的形成过程 。
6.(8分)阅读下面短文。
光的散射与丁达尔效应
光通过光学性质不均匀的介质时出现偏离原来传播方向,而沿侧向传播的现象,称为光的散射。在暗室里,将一束经聚集后的光线投射到胶体系统上,在与入射光垂直的方向上,可观察到一条明亮的光路,这就是丁达尔效应。产生丁达尔效应的实质是光的散射。
表1 分散系对可见光的不同作用
溶液 光路示意图 对光的主要作用 透射 散射 反射或折射 胶体 浊液 ⅡA ⑥ ⅢA ⑦ ⅣA ⅤA ② ⅥA ③ ⅦA ④ ⑧ 0 ① ⑤ 当入射光的波长略大于分散相粒子的直径时就发生光的散射。可见光的波长在400~760 nm的范围,略大于一般胶体粒子的直径(1~100 nm),因此当可见光束投射于胶体时,就发生光的散射,产生丁达尔效应。
对于溶液,分散质分子或离子更小,对可见光的散射作用很微弱;而当可见光束通过浊液时,由于分散质的粒子直径大于入射光的波长,主要发生反射或折射现象。
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回答下列问题:
(1)产生丁达尔效应的实质是________________。
(2)制备Fe(OH)3胶体,在小烧杯中加入20 mL蒸馏水,加热至沸腾后,向沸水中滴入
5~6滴饱和的_____________溶液,继续煮沸至液体呈红褐色即可。 (3)胶体区别于其他分散系的本质特征是________(填序号)。
a.胶体有丁达尔效应 b.胶体粒子可以透过滤纸
c.胶体的胶粒带有电荷 d.胶体粒子的直径在1~100 nm之间
(4)CuSO4溶液无明显丁达尔效应的原因是_________________________________。
7.(8分)某同学在学习元素化合物知识的过程中,发现含有相同元素的物质间在一定条件下存在转化规律,绘制如下转化关系图,图中A、B、C、D是由短周期元素组成的物质。
O2 O2 H2O
请回答:
A B C D (1)若A为非金属单质,通常情况下为淡黄色固体。
① 组成A的元素在周期表中的位置是 。 ② 下列说法正确的是 (填字母)。 a.A只有氧化性,没有还原性 b.B、C均能使石蕊试液变红
c.D的浓溶液可以与Cu单质反应生成氢气
(2)若A为能使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝的气体,C为红棕色气体。
① A→B反应的化学方程式是 。
② A与C反应生成E和水,E是空气中含量最多的气体。当生成19.6 g E时,转移电子的物质的量为 mol。
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8.(10分)为探究H2O2、SO2、Br2氧化性强弱,某小组同学设计如下实验(夹持及尾气处理装置已略去,气密性已检验)。
实验操作 i.打开A中分液漏斗活塞,滴加浓硫酸 ii.取C中沉淀加入盐酸 实验现象 A中有气泡产生,B中红棕色溴水褪色,C中有白色沉淀 C中白色沉淀不溶解 iii.打开B中分液漏斗活塞,开始时颜色无明显变化;继续滴加H2O2溶液,一段时逐滴滴加H2O2 (1)A中发生反应(填“是”或“不是”) 氧化还原反应。 (2)C中产生的白色沉淀是 。
(3)甲同学通过C中产生白色沉淀,得出结论,氧化性:H2O2>SO2。
① 乙同学认为不能得出此结论,对实验进行了改进:
打开弹簧夹,通入N2,待排净装置内空气后,关闭弹簧夹,再打开A中分液漏斗活塞;
② 丙同学进行了进一步的改进:
在B和C之间增加盛放CCl4的洗气瓶D,丙同学的目的是 。 ③ 将乙和丙同学改进后的方案进行实验,C中产生白色沉淀,得出结论: 氧化性H2O2>SO2。
(4)iii中滴入少量H2O2没有明显变化。提出假设:
观点1:H2O2的量少不能氧化Br 观点2:B中有未反应H2SO3
为验证观点2,应进行的实验操作及现象是 。
(5)通过上述全部实验,得出结论:H2O2、SO2、Br2氧化性由强到弱的顺序是 。
—
间后,混合液逐渐变成红棕色 8
2018年高中化学合格性考试 综合练习(二)答案及评分参考
说明:考生答案如与本答案不同,若答得合理,可酌情给分,但不得超过原题所规定的分数。
第一部分 选择题 (共50分)
选择题(每小题2分,共50分)
题号 答案 题号 答案 题号 答案 1 B 11 C 21 A 2 A 12 C 22 D 3 B 13 A 23 A 4 C 14 C 24 B 5 B 15 B 25 B 6 A 16 B 7 D 17 D 8 B 18 C 9 D 19 C 10 B 20 D 第二部分 非选择题(共50分)
1.(3分)N2 ······················································································· 1分
H2 ······················································································· 1分 2 ························································································ 1分
2.(3分)说明:考生从2-A和2-B两题中任选个作答,若两题均作答,按2-A评分。 ..1....
2-A ② ····························· 1分 ③ ····························· 1分 ① ····························· 1分 2-B ② ······························· 1分 ③ ······························· 1分 ① ····························· 1分 3.(4分)① ······················································································· 1分
④ ······················································································· 1分 ② ······················································································ 1分 ③ ······················································································· 1分
4.(4分)(1)氧化性 ·········································································· 1分
(2)3Cu+8HNO3(稀)= 3Cu(NO3)2+ 4H2O + 2NO ↑ ··························· 1分 (3)NO ················································································ 1分 (4)3NO2 + H2O === 2HNO3 + NO
···················································································· 1分
5.(10分)(1)氟 ··············································································· 2分
2 5 (2) +7 ··········································································· 2分
(3)NaOH>Mg(OH)2> Al(OH)3 ···················································· 2分 (4)共价 ··············································································· 2分
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························································· 2分
6.(8分)(1)光的散射 ········································································· 2分
(2)FeCl3 ··············································································· 2分 (3)d ················································································· 2分 (4)分散质的离子很小,对可见光的散射作用很微弱 ······················ 2分
7.(8分)(1)① 第3周期第VⅠA族 ····················································· 2分
② b ·············································································· 2分 (2)① 4NH3 + 5O2
催化剂 △
4NO + 6H2O
··································· 2分
② 2.4 ··········································································· 2分
8.(10分)(1)不是 ·············································································· 2分
(2)硫酸钡或BaSO4 ································································ 2分 (3)除去挥发出来的Br2,防止干扰实验 ····································· 2分 (4)取少量颜色变化前的B中溶液于试管中,加热,将气体通入
品红溶液中,品红溶液褪色 ··············································· 2分 (5)H2O2>Br2>SO2 ································································ 2分
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