学习-----好资料
定语从句和同位语从句的区别
一、 定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的;同位语从句是名词 从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如: 1. 2.
We heard the news that he had told her.
我们听到他对她说的消息。
我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。
the news ;例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名
We heard the news that he had won the game.
例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词,其作用是修饰 词,是对the news的进一步说明。
二、 定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等;而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只 起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。例如: 1. A pla ne is a machi ne that can fly.
飞机是一种能飞的机器。
必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作。
2中的that只起连接作用,引
2. The fact that they did n't finish the work has to be faced.
例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分,作从句的主语,故为定语从句;例 导从句解释fact的内容,不作任何句子成分,故为同位语从句。
引导从句的关联词that的功能不同:that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语 从句的that是关系代词,既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。 三、 引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时, 能省略,更不能被代替。例如: 1. The news that she heard is true.
她听到的消息是真的。
她将出国这消息是真的。
可以省略或被其他词代替; 而同位语从句的引导词一般不
2. The news that she will go abroad is true.
例1是定语从句,that可省略;例2是同位语从句,that不能省略。 3. The reason why he was chose n remains unknown. 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our atte ntio n.
他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。
他为什么会被选上,这一想法引起我们的注意。
例3中why引导的是定语从句,why可以被for which或that代替;例4中why引导的是同位语从句,why不 能省去,也不能被其它词代替。
四、 同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用 来表示。例如:
The news that he won the first place is true. 上句若用 主+系+表”结构来表示,则是: The n ews is that he won the first place.
消息是他赢得了冠军。
他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。
主+系+表”结构
意思合理,系表结构成立,故为同位语从句。
五、 定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词,可以有复数形式;而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位, 一般没有复数形式。例如:
1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.
她得到的可能性似乎大些。
她的母亲很担心,她
2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 女儿有可能不喜欢上学。
例1中的possibilities是定语从句的先行词,可用复数形式;例 2中的possibility是抽象名词,后接的是同位语 从句,一般不用复数形式。 学习-----好资料
六、由when, why, where 引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词,但它们引导的同位语从 句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如:
1.1 still remember the day whe n I first came to Beiji ng. 2.1 have n o idea whe n she will be back.
我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。
我不知道她何时回来。
这是我两年前住的房子。
我们至M十么地方去开会,这个问题没有决定。
3. This is the house where I lived two years ago.
4. The questi on where we shall have a meeti ng has n't decided.
例1、3中的when和where引导的是定语从句,day和house分别表示时间和地点; 例2、4中的when和where 引导的是同位语从句。
众所周知,定语从句与同位语从句是中学英语语法的一个重要组成部分, 来引导,看似形式相同,实际上有着本质的区别。
首先?我们看定义,定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,句法功能与形容词相同,是形容词性从 句。而同位语从句是在复合句中, 用以解释或说明某些特定名词的从句,
其次,我们分别来看看相同的引导词不同的含义: 由that引导的定法从句和同位语从句的区别:试比较
(1) The plan (that) Mr.Lee drew up last week was very good . 案很好。 )
(2) The plan that we should build another lad building was very good. (我们应该再造一个实验楼的方案很好。 ) 例(I)中,that引导的从句限定了先行词
plan的范围,说明是李先生提出的方案,而不是别的什么人,但
(李先生上周提的方
句法功能与名词相同, 故是名词性从句。 都由连词that和副词when, where, why
并未说明方案的内容,that在从句中作宾语,是关系代词,故可以省略,因此,该从句是个定语从句。
例(2) that引导的从句说明了方案的内容, that在从句中不担任任何成份,只起连词作用,但又不能省略, 是个从属连词,因此,该从句是个同位语从句。
(3) The news that Jack brought us pleased everybody.杰克给我们带来的消息,使大家感到高兴。 述例
(1))相仿,that引导定语从句。)
(4) The news that our team had won pleased everybody . 我们球队赢球这个消息,使大家高兴(和例( 由此,可以从以下几点加以区别:
(1 )从语法角度上看,引导定语从句的 that是关系代词,不但起连接作用,还在从句中担任句子成分,可 作主语,宾语或表语,而 that引导同位语从句时,只是从属连词,没有实在的词汇意义,在从句中不担任任何句 子成分,即从同本身结构完整。
(2 )从语意角度上看,定语从句的作用是限定它的先行词的范围或补充一些情况,和它前面的名词是从属 关系,表示“……的”,起修饰作用;而同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,作用则是阐述前面名词的内容。
3定语从句的关系代词that在从句中作宾语时,常常可以省略(例( I)中的that可省略),而同位语从同中 的连词that 一般不能省略。
4几乎任何一个名词都可以带定语从句,而只有在内容方面需要进一步阐明的一些抽象名词如:
idea, truth,
2)相仿,that引导同位语从句)
(和上
hope, suggesti on, thought, belief, doubt, fear, n ews, word, fact, promise, order, possibility 等才可以带同位语从句。
二、when, where和why既可以引导定语从句, 又可以引导同位语从句, 其共同特点是在两种从句中都担任 状语,不同之处是,首先:它们作关系副词引导定语从句时,句中有其相应的先行词,如
when有表示时间的先
行词,where有表示地点的先行词, why有表示原因的先行词,而它们作为连接副词连接同位语从句时,则没有 相应的先行词。
其次,when, where, why作关系副词引导定语从句时,可以改为“介词 导同位语从句则不能这样改。
试比较:
(1) Do you still remember the year when (in which) you first began to learn English ?( 定语从句)你还记得你最初
学习 - 好资料 学英语的那一年吗?
(2) I have no idea when you began to learn English.( 同位语从句 )我不知道你从何时开始学英语的。
(3) The school where (=in which) Bob studies is in the middle of the city. (定语从句) 鲍勃就读的学校在市中心。 (4) They asked me the question where they can find the books needed. ( 同位语从句 ) 他们问我到哪里去找所需要的书。
+关系代词which ”来引导,而它们引
考查和强调句的区别
如:
It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded. It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.
考查和状语从句的区别。
如:
Put the vase where it was.
Put the vase in the place where it was.
考查和同位语从句的区别
如:
He told us the news that proved to be false.
He told us the news that he won the first prize in the competition.
考查和并列句的区别
如:
Daisy was admitted to a key university, which had a good effect on her family. Daisy was admitted to a key university, and it had a good effect on her family.
考查和主语从句的区别
如:
As is known , China has been playing an important part in the world peOC列甸) It is known that China has been playing an important part in the world pe主语从句 )
考查定语从句中的主谓一致
如:
She is one of the volunteers who have been greatly praised by the government.
She is the only one of the volunteers who has been greatly praised by the government.
考查定语从句特殊先行词
(way, positi on, con diti on, point, questi on, case) 如:
① By thi nki ng about the way __ we thi nk and practici ng good thi nking strategies, we can become more creative. A. in that B. which C. \\ D. how
答案注解:Co当先行词是way,并且在定语从句中作状语表示 用 .... 方式”此时关联词有三种情况:that; in which; 省略(常用) 。
② He's got himself into a situation ____ he is likely to lose control. 学习 -- 好资料
A. that B. when C. which D. where 答案注解:D。先行词situation是一个抽象化的地点,在从句中作状语。用作先行词的抽象化名词还有 point, question bus in ess 等。
position, condition,