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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 第3章 杰弗里?乔叟 (1340～1400)
3.1 复习笔记
1. Chaucer(1340-1400) （乔叟） (1) Life（生平）
Geoffrey Chaucer, born about in 1340 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court.
Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon the variegated picture of the English society of his time.
He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”.
杰弗里·乔叟于1340年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌的创始者。他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。
乔叟知识渊博。他精通拉丁语，法语和意大利语。他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。这尤其有益于他的作品中的英国社会的刻画。
他逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，由此建立了“诗人角”。 (2) Chaucer’s Literary Career（文学生平）
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www.100xuexi.com 圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods, which is closely related to his life experiences. The first period consists of works translated from French; the second consists of works adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.
乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段，这三个阶段与其个人生活经历有关。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要是从法语翻译过来的，第二阶段则改编于意大利，如《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是纯英语创作阶段。 (3) Chaucer’s Major Works（主要作品）
Troilus and Criseyde《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》
The Canterbury Tales (1387—1400) 《坎特伯雷故事集》
(4) Analysis of Major Works（主要作品分析） ◆Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》 A. Main Plot of The Canterbury Tales（主要情节）
Twenty-nine travelers set off for Canterbury on a pilgrimage. When they met at the inn, they decided to tell stories one by one. This becomes the content of the story. In The Canterbury Tales, there are 24 tales written, covering all the major types of medieval literature. The stories which the pilgrims tell are well suited to their different characters, ranging from the knight, the monk, the pardoner etc.
29名朝圣者前往坎特伯雷去朝圣。当他们在酒馆相遇，他们决定每个人轮流讲故事。这些故事就构成了《坎特伯雷故事集》中的故事。共有24个故事被写进故事集，故事涵盖了中世纪文学的各个方面。每个故事都与讲述者的身份相符，讲述者包罗各种阶层的人，有武士，僧侣，赦罪僧等。
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www.100xuexi.com 圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 B. Important Parts of The Canterbury Tales（重要部分） ☆“The Prologue”《总序》
The Prologue provides a framework for the tales. All classes of the English
feudal society, except the royalty and the poorest peasant, are represented by these pilgrims in the Prologue.
《总序》提供了故事的框架。《总序》的朝圣者中囊括了当时英国封建社会中除了皇族和最底层的农民以外的形形色色的人物。 ☆“The Wife of Bath”《巴斯妇人》
Chaucer’s keen observation and his unsurpassed talent for characterization are especially showed in his famous “The Wife of Bath”. She is the owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, vulgar and talkative. She relates the whole story of her married life. She has married five husbands and she expects one or two more.
Through this Bath woman, we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colourful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s own day.
通过《巴斯妇人》，读者可以尽情感受乔叟的细致入微的无人可比的人物塑造天赋。这位妇人是布店的经营者，为人开朗乐观，有时略带粗俗，喜欢讲话。她所讲述的是她与五位丈夫的婚史。
通过这位巴斯妇人，我们能够了解当时中层阶级的妇女及家庭生活。 C. Social Significances of The Canterbury Tales（社会影响） a. It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time.
b. Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes
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www.100xuexi.com 圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church.
c. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.
d. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church. a. 展示乔叟时代的真实生活画面。
b. 站在发展中的小资产阶级的立场，乔叟肯定了人的力量，反对教会宣扬的禁欲主
义。
c. 赞扬了人的力量，智慧和对生活的热爱。
d. 展现并批判了时代的罪恶，批判了贵族和教会的堕落。 (5) Chaucer’s Language（乔叟的语言）
a. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures. His verse is among the smoothest in English.
b. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the heroic couplet to English poetry.
c. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
d. Chaucer is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style. This is what other poets cannot reach.
a. 乔叟的语言属于中英语，非常形象准确。他是用语言构建图画的大师。他的诗歌
位列最顺畅的英语中。
b. 乔叟对英语诗歌的贡献主要在于他将法国的韵脚重复的诗节（尤其是英雄双韵体）
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www.100xuexi.com 介绍到英国。
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 c. 乔叟在使伦敦方言成为现代英语的标准中发挥了重要作用。
d. 乔叟善于使用三行体，这种诗体使他的语言很高雅。这是其他诗人无法匹敌的。
2. Ballads（歌谣）
(1) Ballads are oral literature of the English people.
(2) A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.
(3) The subjects of ballads are various such as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, and the criticism of the civil war.
(4) “Robin Hood” is the most important ballad of that time. (1) 歌谣是英国人民大众的口头文学。
(2) 歌谣是以歌的形式讲述的故事，通常由4行组成一节，其中第二和第四行押韵。 (3) 歌谣内容多样，有关于年轻爱侣反对封建家长的，有爱情和财富冲突的，有关于嫉妒残忍行动的，有批判国内战乱的。 (4) 其中，罗宾汉歌谣是最重要的。 ◆Robin Hood（罗宾汉）
① Main Content of the Story（故事主要内容）
Robin Hood Ballads have various kinds of types and stories, but in general these ballads deal with Robin Hood and his men in their struggle against the oppressors of one kind or another, for example, bishops, barons and so on.
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吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》笔记和考研真题详解-第3章 杰弗里
