6. 表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致。
这些复数名词，如表示抽象概念，被视作一整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；如表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。
【例句】
Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you.
Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.
The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.
Eighty miles was covered in a single night. 一夜之间就走了八十英里。 Ten dollars is not enough to pay for the book. 买这本书十美元不够。
Fifteen tons is the maximum capacity of the bridge. 这座桥的最大载重量是十五吨。 ? 注：
1）若强调这类词的复数意义，谓语动词亦可用复数。如：
One hundred tons of water were used last month. 上个月用了100吨水。
Twenty years have passed since his parents died.自他的父母亲死后，已经过去20年了。 2）分数和百分数修饰名词作主语时，谓语的单复数取决干名词 0nly 20 % of the work was done. 只干了20％的活。
About 20% of the students are absent. 约20％的学生缺席。
Two thirds of the books are worth reading.三分之一的书值得一读。
7. 由with，as well as等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致
如作主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数形式：with，along with，together with，besides，as well as，in addition to，accompanied by，combined with，including，in stead of，no less than，rather than，but，except等。
【例句】
The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
A scientist, together with some assistants, was sent to help solve that problem. The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame.
No one except my parents knows anything about it. 除了我父母谁也不知道此事。
One man with his wife，both looking very anxious, was asking the guard to let them through. 有个男人和他的妻子看上去都很着急，正在那儿央求卫兵放他们过去。
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.这位女演员今晚和她的经理人和一些朋友一起去参加晚会。
Physics, as well as mathematics, is an important branch of science. 物理学如同数学是一门重要的科学学科。
8. and连接的两个名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致
一般情况下，and连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但有些情况下，and连接的两个名词意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。通常，如果两个名词只有一个限定词或无限定词修饰时，它们常常表示一个概念，如果两个名词分别有两个限定词修饰时，它们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外，如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each，every，many a，no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。
【例句】
War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史上永恒的主题。 Bread and butter is a daily food in the west. 抹黄油的面包是西方的日常食品。
Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink. 威士忌酒加苏打水是我最喜爱的饮料。 A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 可以看见远处有一辆马车。 The secretary and manager was present at the meeting. Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition. Every hour and every minute is vital to me now.
Each man and each woman is asked to help. 要求所有男人和妇女都来帮忙。
The tenth and the last chapter are written by Bruce. 第十章和最后一章是布鲁斯写的。 The tenth and last chapter is written by Bruce. 第十章即最后一章是布鲁斯写的。 The red and the white rose were withering in the cold. 红玫瑰和白玫瑰冻得凋谢了。 The red and white rose was withering in the cold。那朵红白相间的玫瑰冻得凋谢了。 The singer and the dancer have arrived。那位歌唱家和那位舞蹈家(两个人)已经到过。 The singer and dancer has arrived. 那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家已经到达。
9. 由“表示种类、数量、单位的名词+of”修饰名词作主语时其动词往往与表示种类、数量、单位的名词保持一致。 【例句】
There is a kind of roses in the garden. 花园里有一种玫瑰花。 There are many kinds of apples. 苹果有许多种。
In the last three years 5 million square metres of housing have been built in the city. 过去三年间该市建了五百万平方米的住房。
Three million tons of coal were exported last year. 去年出口了三百万吨煤。 Two pieces of cake were divided among the children. 孩子们分吃了两块蛋糕。
10. 并列连词or等连接两个名词(或代词)作主语时，主语与谓语动词的一致
连词or，either…or，neither…nor，not only…but also连接两个并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词必须和靠它较近的一个名词或代词取得一致，这就是就近一致原则。
【例句】
Either I or they are responsible for it.
Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress. Not only he but also his family members are interested in football match.
No sacrifice or risk is too great when fate of the country is at stake. 当国家命运悠关时任何牺牲与风险都算不了什么。
11. 其他情况下的主谓语一致
1) none本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时，如代表不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式，如代表可数名词，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。
2) one and a half后接的名词应是复数形式，但谓语动词用单数形式。如： One and a half years has passed.
3) each和由some，any，no，every构成的复合代词；many a或more than one后接单数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但如果more than one本身作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。如：
Many a worker has been out of work. 许多工人已经失业。
More than one person was involved in the case. 不止一个人牵涉在这个案子中。 Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了树，什么都看不见。 Another is prefered. 我更喜欢另一个。
4) either，neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Either of the rooms is big enough. 两个屋子中，哪个都够大的。 Neither plan suits me. 两个计划都不合我的意。 ? 注：在neither of或者either of的否定式中，亦可用谓语动词的复数形式。如：
Neither of them want(s) to come. 没人想来。
I don’t think either of them is (are) at home. 想他们都
5) one or two后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如： One or two people can’t come. 有一两个人不能来。
6) one of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 One of our cats has disappeared. 我们的一只猫不见了。 ? 注：one of十复数名词十定语从句，定语从句一般看作修饰复数名词，从句中的谓语动词用复数。在“the only one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句应视为修饰单数名词，从句谓语动词用单数。
This is one of the laboratories that have been built this year. 这是今年建成的实验室之一。 She is the only one of the girls who is interested in literature. 她是这些人中唯一喜欢文学的女孩。
7)由there或here引起的而主语又不止一个时采用毗邻一致的原则，来确定谓语的数。如： Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for him. 这儿有一支笔，几个信封和一些纸给他。
8) 动词不定式、动名词短语、和疑问词how，what，who，why，whether)引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如：
Seeing is believing.
To hesitate means failure.
How the book will sell depends on its author. 这本书好不好卖取决于作者的水平。 【实例】
How close parents are to their children ______ a strong influence on the character of the children. (1991.6) A. have B. has C. having D. to have 父母与孩子亲近的程度对其性格有很大影响。答案B ? 注：
1）what引导的从句作主语，如果表语是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。 What they want are financial aids. 他们需要的是经济援助。
2）当what引导的从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。 What I say and think are no business of yours. 我说的和我想的不关你的事。
3）that引导的从句作主语，无论置于句首还是句末，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：
It is sheer luck that he is still alive. (=That he is still alive is sheer luck.) 他仍活着纯属侥幸。 12. 代词／名词十定语从句，从句谓语动词的单复数与所修饰的词一致 I, who am wrong, should apologize to him. 我错了，应该向他道歉。
She came across a former classmate who is very wealthy. 她碰上了一个富有的老同学 13. 谓语动词可用单数也可用复数情况：
1) “the+形容词”作主语，表示一类人或可数事物时，谓语动词用复数，否则用单数。 【例句】
The aged are well taken care of by the government. 老年人受到政府很好的照顾。
2) none，neither和either+ of+复数名词或代词，正式文体中谓语动词用单数，非正式文体中可以用复数。考试中对语法的测试，常属于正式文体范畴。 【例句】
Neither of the alternatives that had been outlined at the last meeting was acceptable to the executive committee. 上次会议拟定的两种选择方案都不能被执行委员会所接受。
3) a number／variety／group of+复数名词或代词作主语，谓语动词为复数the number／variety +名词作主语，谓语动词为单数。the majority of+名词视名词单复数来确定动词的数。an amount of+不可数名词；quantity of+不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。
【例句】
A number of applicants have already been interviewed. 若干名求职者已经过面试了。
The number of foreign students at the university is considerable. 该所大学留学生人数很多。A great variety of flowers were shown there. 那里展出了很多品种的花。 4) 由kind，form，sort，type，species，portion，series，quantity +of修饰主语时，其谓语形式取决于这些词本身的单复数而不是后面跟的名词。series和species无单数形式，其单复数形式取决于修饰它们的数词。 【例句】
Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes. 冷却需要大量的水。 A substantial portion of the reports is missing. 那些报告里有相当一部分不见了。
其他: ? 代词与其指代名词的一致：
代词与其指代的名词在性、数、格上必须保持一致。下面句中的斜体字都是错误的： 1. As soon as the fruit on the trees gets ripe, pick them. (应该是it)
2. One of the advantages of transistors is that it is very small in size. (应该是 they are) 3. Metals are everywhere, we see it and use it every day. (应该是them) 4. Everyone has to do their own research. (应该是 his) 5. John speaks to Mary and I every morning. (应该是 me)
6. Sometimes a man is not as successful as they hope to be. (应该是he hopes) 7. I have talked to Mary and his sister about it several times. (应该是 her) ? 非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的一致：
按照英语的正确用法，分词作状语时其逻辑主语必须是句中的主语，否则就是不正确的。不定式作状语和”介词+动名词”作状语也有类似情况。注意以下句子的正误： 1. Incorrect: Entering the crowded room, no seat could be found. Correct: Entering the crowded room, we could not find a seat.
2. Incorrect: Walking down the street, a gust of wind blew my hat off.
Correct. When I was walking down the street, a gust of wind blew my hat off. 3. Incorrect: To learn a language well, patience and hard work are needed. Correct: To learn a language well, one must be patient and work hard.
4. Incorrect: By reading newspapers and watching television, your English will improve rapidly. Correct. By reading newspapers and watching television, you can improve your English rapidly. ? 形容词、副词与其被修饰的一致：
形容词说明名词，副词修饰动词或其它形容词、副词，因此以下句中的斜体字都是错的： 1. She plays the violin good. (应该是well)
2. Nancy types fastly and efficiently. (应该是fast) 3. He waved to me friendly. (in a friendly way)
4. The shop assistant looked impatient at the fat lady, who was reluctant to leave. (应该是impatiently) 5. The shop assistant looked impatiently when the fat lady was reluctant to leave. (应该是impatient) 6. Mike felt happily after passing his law school exam. (应该是happy)
7. The doctor felt the leg careful to see if there were any broken bones. (应该是carefully) 8. The lady is smelling the flowers cautious. (应该是 cautiously) 9. The flowers smell sweetly. (应该是 sweet)
10. The students often complain that the food tastes badly; (应该是bad)
11. The cook tasted the meat careful before presenting it to the guests. (应该是 carefully) ? 并列成分的结构一致：
1. Incorrect: Jane is young, enthusiastic and has talent. Correct: Jane is young, enthusiastic and talented. 2. Incorrect: The duties of the new secretary are to answer the telephone, to type letters and
bookkeeping.
Correct: The duties of the new secretary are to answer the telephone, to type letters and to do the bookkeeping. 3. Incorrect: She is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad. Correct: She is famous not only in the United States, but also abroad. 4. Incorrect: A person who buys a gun for protection is six times more likely to kill a friend or relative
than killing an intruder.
Correct: A person who buys a gun for protection is six times more likely to kill a friend or relative than to kill an intruder.
第十四章 词 汇
词汇题是大学英语四、六级考试中必考的内容，在词汇与结构部分中，词汇题占多半数以上。它的测试目的是检验学生运用词汇、短语的能力。词汇重在积累。没有一定的积累，就做不好词汇题。词汇量不足也会使其他各项受到影响。因此，考生平时一定要注重词汇的积累。只有在拥有一定的词汇量的基础上，才可以谈解题技巧和方法。
本章将分析大学英语四、六级考试中出现的词汇题目，将它们归类，词汇题大概可以归纳成如下几类。
1. 同义或近义词 这类词的词义相同或相近，但由于用法或搭配不同而不能互相替换。 【例句】
They have got everything ready to make a _______ across the Atlantic. A. trip B. travel C. voyage D. journey
正确答案为 C。译文：他们已作好一切准备横渡大西洋。voyage的意思是：“航行。”以上词汇题所提供的四个选择词的含义很相似，均有“旅行之意”，但它们各有侧重。trip指娱乐性的旅行，travel是指到各处旅行，voyage是指航行，journey是指到某地去旅行。根据 Atlantic（大西洋）一词，得出 C. voyage为正确选择。
【例句】
She was so ______in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door. A. attracted B. absorbed C. drawn D. concentrated
正确答案为B。译文：她如此专心致志于工作，以至于没有听到敲门声。Be absorbed in 为固定搭配，意为“专心致志作某事”。其他三个词搭配不对。
2. 形近义异词 一些词的词形相似，词义相异, 也是测试的重点之一。它们有些是同根词，但词义和用法不同。例如，assure， insure和 ensure ，均有词根sure， 但含义却不同。有些是同缀词，虽然前、后缀相同，但词义和用法都不同。例如，cooperation， operation 和corporation 均有后缀-tion。
【例句】
Mr. Brown gradually________ a knowledge of the subject． A．required B．inquired C. enquired D. acquired
正确答案为 D。译文：布朗逐步掌握了这门学科的知识。Acquire意为：后天获得知识和技能等。上述四个选择看上去词形相似，但词义相异。Require的意思是：要求， inquire 和enquire同义，意思是：询问。
【例句】
It was_______ of you not to play the piano while I was having a sleep. A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. considerably
正确答案为A。译文：你真体贴人，在我睡觉的时候不弹钢琴。considerate意为：体贴的。上述四个选择看上去词形相似，属于同源词，但词义相异。considerable的意思是：相当的。 considering的意思是：正在考虑。Considerably是considerable的副词形式。
3. 难词辨析
有些题四个选项为没有太大联系的词, 既不是同义词或近义词, 形近义异词，也不是固定搭配。做这类题时，一定要理解句子，弄清四个词的不同含义，在某些情况下，还可用排除法进行选择。
【例句】
The insurance company paid him $ 10,000 in _______after his accident．
A. compensation B. installment C. substitution D. commission
答案为A。译文：他出事故之后，保险公司付给他10000美元的赔偿金。Compensation意为“赔偿，补偿”，installment意为“分期付款”，substitution意为“替代”；commission意为（委托业务的）“酬金，佣金，回扣”。
【例句】
At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country but halfway in her speech, she suddenly ________to another subject.
A. committed B. switched C. favored D. transmitted
答案为B。译文：最初, 演讲者谈的是国家环境污染的问题，但中途转换了话题。committed意为犯（错误，罪行），干（坏事，傻事）。switched意为“转换或改变话题”，favored意为“喜爱支持”，transmitted意为“传送，传递，发射”。
4. 短语 短语试题在英语测试中一直占有很大的比例。短语是指词组的固定搭配。短语的固定搭配包括名词与介词的搭配，形容词与介词的搭配，动词与介词和副词的搭配。做这类题时，一定要牢记各固定短语的意思，结合句子上下文进行选择。
【例句】
The manager needs an assistant that he can _______to take care of problems in his absence． A. count on B. count in
C. count up D. count out （1996年1月） 正确答案为A。译文：这位经理需要一位助手，在他离开的时候依靠他来处理问题。这四个选项为同一动词与不同介词组成的动词短语。count on意为“依靠，依赖”；count in意为“把……算在内”；count up的意思是：“加起来”, count out的意思是：“点数”。固定搭配是英语学习中的一个难点，也是考试的重点。学生在学习中要特别注意常用的固定搭配。
一、名词与介词的搭配 1．名词与for的搭配 这些名词主要有：affection，admiration，appetite，fancy，need，reason，demand charge，sympathy，contempt，wish，substitution，consideration，responsibility，desire，cure等。
【例句】
I feel nothing but contempt for such dishonest behavior． The reason for his success is why he works hard． 2．名词与in的搭配
这些名词主要有：advance, difficulty, faith, success, confidence, point, proficiency等。 【例句】
Have yon any faith in what he says？
His success in business lies in his honest dealing． 3. 名词与on的搭配 这些名词主要有：comment，dependence，effect, emphasis，impact，influence，operation, pressure, stress, judgment, mercy等。
【例句】
We place more emphasis on laying a solid foundation．
The doctors decided to have an operation on the patient. 4．名词与to的搭配
这些名词主要有：access, adjustment，insult， approach， attention， attitude， contribution, damage, exposure, introduction, key, objection, preface, reaction等。
【例句】
She couldn’t forgive so terrible an insult to her pride． The old lady made a generous contribution to the Fund． 5．名词与with的搭配
这些名词主要有：accordance, acquaintance, association, combination, connection, contact等。 【例句】
He has no association with the company
Everything here is in accordance with its surroundings． 二、形容词与介词的惯用搭配 1．形容词与about的搭配
这些形容词主要有：anxious，concerned, enthusiastic, excited, happy，nervous，particular, careful，curious，suspicious，worried等。
【例句】
He is particular about his food, clothes, etc．
She is worried about her approaching examination． The couple is enthusiastic about dancing． 2．形容词与at的搭配
这些形容词主要有：angry，annoyed，good，amazed，quick，slow，surprised等。 【例句】
The teacher thought Edison to be a little slow at his study．
The visitors were amazed at the beautiful scene of the mountain． The boss was furious at the secretary’s delay in handing in file． 3．形容词与for的搭配
这些形容词主要包括：adequate，appropriate，competent，eager，famous，fit，convenient，
grateful，known，late，necessary，responsible，useful，regretful，sorry等。
【例句】
Be sure to get a competent electrician for the job． They were held responsible for the loss． The area is famous for its local products． 4．形容词与from的搭配
这些形容词主要有：absent，different，distant，distinct，free，sale，derived， remote等。 【例句】
Alien and I are in the same history class，but his assignment is different from mine Many students are absent from class due to the approaching of the holiday． The paper is free from spelling errors. 5. 形容词与of的搭配 这些形容词主要有：ashamed, aware, capable, careful, certain, composed，confident, considerate, deprived, envious, greedy，guilty, ignorant，independent，jealous, proud，worthy等。
【例句】
It was very considerate of you to send me a credit card．
The brave men were aware of the danger confronted with them． “You are jealous of my big oven！”said the neighbor． 6．形容词与to的搭配
这些形容词主要有：attentive，applicable，accustomed，adaptable，agreeable，beneficial,
faithful，favorable，loyal，opposite，prior，superior，inferior，similar，devoted， equal， grateful， polite， harmful，subject， thankful等。
【例句】
Health without riches is preferable to riches without health．
Many of us hold the mistaken belief that local goods are inferior to imported ones． The weather in New York is similar to that in Beijing． 7．形容词与With的搭配
这些形容词主要有：busy，associated，bored，familiar，strict，wrong，concerned，annoyed，satisfied，disappointed，friendly，popular，generous，pleased等。
【例句】
He is busy with his work.
He is quite generous with his money． The criminal was charged with murder． The plan is very popular with the mass． 8. 形容词与in的搭配
这些形容词主要有：rich，interested，expert，engaged, absorbed，firm，abundant，lacking，weak，strong等。
【例句】
She is engaged in planning his summer trip． China is abundant in coal．
三、动词与介词的搭配 1．动词与after的搭配
这些动词主要有：long，thirst，run，go，keep，look，take，ask，make，name等。 【例句】
The girl takes after her mother in the eye．
The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life to the construction of it． She has been looking after the disabled for more than ten years． 2．动词与at的搭配
这些动词主要有：laugh，gaze，hesitate，get，work，call，look，stare等。 【例句】
The stranger made me quite uncomfortable when he stared at me on the lift． It is not polite to laugh at the handicapped．
He has been working at the project for more than two months． 3．动词与away的搭配
这些动词主要有：carry, take, throw, give, pass, clear, put等。 【例句】
Do not give away my secret. He passed away peacefully． 4. 动词与down的搭配
这些动词主要有：back, bring, cut, burn, run, keep, break, settle, hand, turn, put, take, get, go, knock, let, lay, pull, set等。
【例句】
My car broke down on my way up the hill.
Our house is being knocked down to make way for a new road． This custom has been handed down since the 18th century.
5. 动词与for的搭配 这些动词主要有： allow, answer, ask, call, care, no, head, look, make, apply，count, search, leave,
exchange, take, qualify, send等。
【例句】
I exchange my watch for his camera.
She made for the nearest tree for shelter when it began to rain．
Years of experience qualified him for the post of chairman of the union． 6．动词与from的搭配
这些动词主要有：arise，originate，vary，separate，remove，derive，emerge，result，infer，
keep，prevent，prohibit，release，resign，shelter，distinguish等。
【例句】
Many problems have arisen from the change over to a new kind of fuel．
Not all blacks were satisfied with the slow progress resulting from peaceful protests in the early 1960s．
His colorblindness prevented him from attending a medical university． 7. 动词与in的搭配
这些动词主要有：break，deal，draw, look，put，drop，give，hang，result，step，take, trade, check, cut, fill, get, send等。
【例句】
You must check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves． It took me a long time to take in what you were saying. 8. 动词与on的搭配
这些动词主要有：call, carry, come count, draw, get, go, hand, hold, hang, keep, live, pass, put, take, insist, rest, feed, depend, turn等。
【例句】
We are going to take on more employees due to the fast expansion of business． You cannot count on him, because he is a liar.
I finish work at 5 but I’ll hang on half past to meet you. 9. 动词与out的搭配 这些动词主要有：lay, put, keep, come, figure, hold, wear, think，watch, give，leave，rule，turn，work，break，go，hand，let，look，pick，point，pull，run，burst, set等。
【例句】
Here are some toys．You can pick out one or two for your little son as a birthday gift. When we saw the mess he was in，we burst out laughing． The fire must have broken out after the workers had left． 10. 动词与to的搭配
这些动词主要有：apply, adjust, object, attend, appeal, attribute, belong, contribute, refer, set,
yield, conform, correspond, add, amount, adapt, come, relate, see, take, turn, keep等。
【例句】
One must try his best to adapt to the new environment．
She fainted, and it was half an hour before she came to again． The government is appealing to everyone to save water. 11. 动词与up的搭配
这些动词主要有： back，break，call．end，put，mix，cut，draw，hang，take，show，dress, bring，hold，clear，burn，eat，brush．clean，turn，make，come，cover, count, give, go, keep, line, look, pick, pull, set, sum, stand, use, wash等。 【例句】
We didn’t expect them to turn up; we thought they were in Canada. The car in front pulled up suddenly at the traffic light．
If you drive a car like that, you will end up in the hospital.
The actors have to make up before they appear in front of the strong lights on the television. 12．动词与with的搭配
这些动词主要有：catch up，come up，compare，deal，do away，find fault，get on，go along，keep up，put up，comply，match，agree，cope，collide，compete，interfere，make away等。
【例句】
She decided to leave her husband because she couldn’t put up with his bad temper. All visitors are requested to comply with the regulations．
He couldn’t come up with an excuse when the teacher asked why he was absent.
专升本英语语法与词汇
