2020届二轮复习 阅读理解中词句猜测-词义猜测题 考查解读
【题型解读】
词义猜测题是阅读理解每年常考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力,主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力,而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围,但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来,对于生词的理解是否准确,直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低,对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。 词义猜测题的命题方式有:
(1)What does the underlined word “...” probably mean? (2)The word “...” refers to/probably means . (3)The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by .
(4)What do you think the expression “...” stands for? (5)By saying “...” we mean .
(6)“...” used in the passage can best be defined as . (7)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “...”?
二、解题技巧——巧用线索猜词义 1.根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测
有些文章,特别是科技说明文,作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义,通过阅读定义和解释部分,考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。有时,需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语,作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。有时,文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。
例如:Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl called 911.Two more ran to get the school nurse,who brought a defibrillator,an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them:Paris’s heartbeat returned.
分析:所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work (一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)来进行解释说明,我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。 2.根据构词法进行猜测
英语中通过词根加词缀或两个单词合成的方式可以构成新词。因此,掌握了一定的构词知识,再结合上下文语境,也可以快速猜测词义。 例如: A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or worry.
分析:根据构词法知识我们可知,un-为否定前缀,-ness为名词后缀,easy(舒适)为词根。因此,我们可知uneasiness为“不安;担
忧”之意。
3.根据因果关系进行猜测
在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中,若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系,这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because,so,thus,therefore,as a result of,since,so that,so/such...that...等。
例如:My son could not follow the teacher’s directions,he told me,and thus,Scola was disrupting the class.Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet?
试题:What does the underlined word “disrupting” probably mean?
A.Breaking. B.Following. C.Attending. D.Disturbing.
分析:画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus,由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知,“他因此认为我儿子Scola干扰了课堂”,故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。 4.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构,它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义,这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and,or,like,as well,similarly,too,also,either等。
例如:The fine selection of the major works was done in close
collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid,Spain,and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg,Florida. 试题:What does the underlined word “contributions” refer to? A.Artworks. B.Projects. C.Donations. D.Documents.
分析:画线单词contributions前出现了and,可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了the fine selection of the major works (精选的重要作品),后面说contributions来自其他机构,由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴,同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的,故选A项。 5.根据反义、转折和对比关系进行猜测
有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语,运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多,常见的有but,yet,however,while,unlike,instead (of),on the other hand,rather than,on the contrary等。
例如:In the evening,rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace,with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are,rides at this time of day are still very impressive. 试题:What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean? A.Wild and romantic. B.Slow and peaceful.
C.Hungry and thirsty. D.Active and excited.
分析:画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们 ,但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知前后两句是转折关系,再结合前一句中提到的at a more relaxed and unhurried pace可知,应选B项,sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。 6.根据上下文进行猜测
有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索,这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析,进而推测词义,这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
例如:There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,but you’ll need a warm,sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it,so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
试题:What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” probably mean?
A.A practical idea. B.A vain hope. C.A brilliant plan. D.A selfish desire.
分析:根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系,故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,but you’ll need a warm,sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it...”可知,尽管