第十二讲突破语法知识—语态
一、走进语态（voice)1、定义：语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是谓语动作的执行者，则为主动语态（theactivevoice)；当主语是谓语动作的承受者，则为被动语态（thepassivevoice)。2、被动语态的构成“助动词be+过去分词”构成，时态通过be表现出来。3、各种时态的被动语态的构成1)一般现在时am/is/are+v-edYouarewantedonthetelephone2)一般过去时was/were+v-edThebookwasfinishedlastweek.3)一般将来时和过去将来时：will/wouldbe+v-edYou'llbeallowedtogoouttomorrow4)现在进行时和过去进行时：am/is/arebeing+v-ed或was/werebeing+v-ed①Thebuildingisbeingbuilt.这幢楼正在建设之中。②Thebikeswerebeingrepaired.那时正在修自行车。5)现在完成时和过去完成时①现在完成时：have/hasbeen+v-edThisbookhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.这本书已被译成英语。②过去完成时：hadbeen+v-edThecarhadbeenrepaired.这时汽车已修完了。二、被动语态的用法1)我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁(这时都不带由by引起的短语)。Thebookiswrittenforteachers.这种书是为教师写的。2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心(这时可带由by引起的短语)。Theshopisrunbyayoungman.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。3)出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。Itisgenerallyconsiderednotadvisabletosmokehere.一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。4)被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。LiuDehuaappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.刘德华在台上出现，观众给予了热烈的掌声。三、主动语态变被动语态的方法1.Theymakewatchesinthatfactory.Watchesaremadebytheminthatfactory.一般现在时的被动语态构成：S(主语）+am/is/are+过去分词2.Theyboughttencomputerslastterm．Tencomputerswerebought(bythem)lastterm.一般过去时：S+was/were+过去分词3.MarycantakegoodcareofPolly．PollycanbetakengoodcareofbyMary.情态动词：S+can/may/must/should+be+过去分词4、Theywillfinishtheworkintendays.Theworkwillbefinished(bythem)intendays.一般将来时：S+will+be+过去分词5、Davidwouldcompletetheworkthenextmonth.TheworkwouldbecompletedbyDavidintendays.一般将来时：S+would+be+过去分词6.Someworkersarepaintingtheroomsnow．Therooms现在进行时：arebeingpaintedbysomeworkersnow.S+am/is/are+being+过去分词7.Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat8:00lastnight．Myhomeworkwasbeingdone(byme)at8:00lastnight.过去进行时：S+was/were+being+过去分词8．Wehavemadetwentymorekeys．Twentymorekeyshave现在完成时：beenmadebyus.S+have/has+been+过去分词9.Ihadlearned900EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten.900Englishwordshadbeenlearned(byme)bythetimeIwasten.过去完成时：had+been+done四、学习、使用被动语态应注意的方面:1)短语动词的被动语态，要保持短语动词的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词切记不可遗漏。Thesebooksmustbetakengoodcareof.这些书必须好好保管。Thechildrenwerewelllookedafter.孩子们受到了良好的护理。2)带双宾语的动词的被动语态：(give,send,take,bring,teach,tell,offer,sing,buy,promise,make,write,ask,lend,show,pay等)将其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个宾语作为保留宾语，或变为介词宾语，作状语。我们给他一些图画书。Wegavehimsomepicture-books.→Hewasgivensomepicture-books.→Somepicture-booksweregiventohim.3)情态动词的被动语态。(情态动词+be+v-ed)Wecandivideanatom.→Anatomcanbedivided.4)有些动词主动语态形式表示被动语态如：sell,wash,draw,keep,prove,clean,run,wear,cook,read,smoke,cut,burn等。Thebooksellswell.这本书畅销。Silkwearswell.丝耐穿。Thisclothwasheswell.这种布料耐洗。5）need;want;require;request;demand“需要”Thewatchneedsmending.=Thewatchneedstobemended.=Weneedtomendthewatch.6）Itisreported/believed/hoped/supposedthat......五、何时使用被动语态呢？1、行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。例如：Footballisplayedallovertheworld．2、不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作的执行者时。例如：Mybikewasstolen．我的自行车被盗了。3、汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：Itissaidthatonedayheclimbedtothetopofahouseand……
12.突破语法知识—语态-讲义
