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Any complete press tool, consisting of a pair( or a combination of pars ) of mating member for producing pressworked (stmped）parts, including all supporting and actuating elements of the tool, is a die. Pressworking terminology commonly defines the female part of any complete press tool as a die.
The guide pins, or posts, are mounted in the lower shoe. The upper shoe contains bushings which slide on the guide pins. The assembly of the lower and upper shoes with guide pins and bushings is a die set. Die sets in many sizes and designs are commercially available. The guide pins are shown in Figure 3.
Figure3 Typical single-station die for piercing hole
1—Lower shoe 2,5—Guide bushings 3—Cavity plate 4—Guid pin
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6—Spring-loaded stripper 7—Punch 8—Support plate 9—Punch bushing 10—Fan-shaped block 11—Fixed plate 12—Punch-holder plate 13—Backing
plate 14—Spring 15—Stepping bolts 16—Upper shoe 17—Shank A punch holder mounted to the upper shoe holds two round punches (male members of the die) which are guided by bushings inserted in the stripper. A sleeve, or quill, encloses one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press. After penetration of the work material, the two punches enter the die bushings for a slight distance.
The female member, or die, consists of two die bushings inserted in the die block. Since this press tool punches holes to the diameters required, the diameters of the die bushings are larger than those of the punches by the amount of clearance.
Since the work material stock or workpiece can cling to a punch on the upstroke, it may be necessary to strip the material from the punch. Spring-loaded strippers hold the work material against the die block until the punches are withdrawn from the punched holes. A workpiece to be pierced is commonly held and located in a nest (Figure 2-3) composed of flat plates shaped to encircle the outside part contours. Stock is positioned in dies by pins, blocks, or other types of stops for locating before the downstroke of the ram.
Bending is one of the most common forming operations. We merely have to look at the components in an automobile or an appliance-or at a paper
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clip or a file cabinet-to appreciate how many parts are shaped by bending. Bending is used not only to form flanges, seams, and corrugations but also to impart stiffness to the part ( by increasing its moment of inertia ).
The terminology used in bending is shown in Figure 4. Note that, in bending, the outer fibers of the material are in tension, while the inner fibers are in compression. Because of the Poisson's ratio, the width of the part (bend length, L) in the outer region is smaller, and in the inner region is larger than the original width. This phenomenon may easily be observed by bending a rectangular rubber eraser.
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals can be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or weakening. As R/T decreases (the ratio of the bend radius to the thickness becomes smaller), the tensile strain at the outer fiber increases, and the material eventually cracks (Figure 5).
Figure 4 Bending terminology
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Figure5 Poisson effect
The minimum bend radius for various materials is given in Table 1 and it is usually expressed in terms of the thickness. such as 2 T, 3 T, 4T. Table 1 Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Material Soft Aluminum alloys Beryllium copper Brass,low-leaded Magnesium Steels Austenitic stanless Low-carbon,lowalloy,HSLA Titanium 0.7T 3T 0 0 0 5T 0.5T 0.5T Condition Hard 6T 4T 2T 13T 6T 4T 学习指导参考资料
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Titanium alloys Note :T——thickness of material
2.6T 4T Bend allowance as shown in Figure 4 is the length of the neutral axis in the bend and is used to determine the blank length for a bent part. However, the position of the neutral axis depends on the radius and angle of bend (as described in texts on mechanics of materials).An approximate formula for the bend allowance, Lb is given by
Lb= α(R十kT)
Where Lb——bend allowance, in (mm). α——bend angle, (radians) (deg). T——sheet thickness, in (mm). R——inside radius of bend, in (mm).
k——0.33 when R is less than 2T and 0.50 when JR is more than 2T.
Bend methods arc commonly used in press tool. Metal sheet or strip, supported by-V bock[Figure 6(a)],is forced by a wedge-shaped punch into the block. This method, termed V bending, produces a bend having an included angle which may be acute, obtuse, or 90°.Friction between a spring-loaded knurled pin in the vee die and the part will prevent or reduce side creep of the part during its bending.
Edge bending [Figure 6(b)] is cantilever loading of a beam. The bending punch forces the metal against the supporting die. The bend axis is parallel to the edge of the die. The workpiece is clamped to the die block by a
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冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译@中英文翻译@外文文献翻译
