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to identify?as impact on
二、句子英译汉：
1.~ 5. 与重点句型相同。
6.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
7.Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.
8.“The Economy, Stupid.”The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.
三、句子汉译英
1.在美国每四年举行一次总统大选。
The presidential election takes place every four years in the United States. 2.多数党被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少数党候选人。
A majority party nominee usually has the advantage of support over a minority party one.
A major-party nominee always gets higher approval rating than a minor-party nominee.
3.策略在总统竞选中起关键性的作用。
Strategies play a critical role in the election. Strategy is critical in the presidential election. 4.为了争取选票，总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州。
To win the presidency, a candidate is particularly concerned with winning the states which are important.
In order to get the votes, presidential candidates are concerned with those important states.
5.美国有十几个政党，其中只有两个党是主要党。 There are about a dozen political parties in America, only two of which are major parties.
4、历年试题
1.Victory in the eleven ______（large） states alone would provide an electoral majority. （99.10）
答案：largest。此题主要考查large 的最高级。
2.Even Democrat George McGovern, _____ had the lowest level of party support among recent Nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters. （99.10） A.who B.whose
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C.that D.which
答案：A. who 引导的非限定性定语从句。
3.汉译英：这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。（00.4）
答案：This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate's personal characteristics.
4.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ______（begin） in the 1930s. （00.10） 答案：began。此题考查过去时，因为有一个明显的过去时间状语“in the 1930s”。 5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to _____ the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （01.4） A.make it possible B.make possible C.make possibly D.make it possibly
答案：B.本题中make 的宾语太长，所以放到了宾补possible 的后面。“make ? possible”
表示“使?成为可能”。
6.In deciding _____ a course of action, the candidate tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters. （02.4） A.what to pursue B.which to pursue C.whether to pursue D.if to pursue
答案：C.分析：所要填的空是deciding 的宾语。而pursue 后面的宾语是a course of action。 选项A “what to pursue”, what 是宾语。选项B 中，which 也是作主语或宾语。选项D. 语法结构不对，因此选C.
7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election _______ he has the support from the party faithful. （ 03 ，10 ）
A.in that B.in which C.for which D.for that
答案：A “在于”（复合连词表示原因）
Translation
1. 众所周知，美国总统选举每四年一次。
答： It is well known that presidential elections occur in the United States every 4 years. 2. 克林顿那时始终把竞选的注意力集中在国家缓慢发展的经济上。
答： At that time Clinton always kept the campaign focused on the nation’s slow-developing economy.
3. 候选人都想尽力表现出一种强有力的领袖形象。
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答： Candidate try to project a strong leadership image. 4. 选民们是否接受这一形象更取决于外在因素。 答案
答：Whether voters accept this image depends more on external factors. 5. 候选人特别关注如何在人口最多那些州获胜。
答： Candidates are particularly concerned with how to win the states which have the largest population .
UNIT 11
1、word study
replace,litter,refine,reproduce 错误！未找到引用源。 replace vt.1、把。。。放回（原处），使恢复（原职）；2、更换，以。。。替代 The airline is currently replacing its DC10s with DC Super 80s. 这家航空公司正在用DC超80飞机取代DC10飞机。 Please replace the newspaper after reading. 报纸阅后请放回原处。
错误！未找到引用源。 litter n.1、（供动物睡眠或植物防冻的）干草；2、杂乱无章；3、（猫狗等）一窝（仔畜）；4、【总称】乱丢的东西（尤指废纸等杂物） vt.1、为（动物）铺草；2、（多产动物）产（仔）；3、乱丢 The boxes are filled with litter for the small animals to live in. 箱子里铺满干草以便小动物能够在里边住。
The children picked up all the litter on the playground. 孩子们把乱扔在操场上的废纸等杂物都拾了起来。 I was surprised to see his room in such a litter. 我看到他的房间如此乱七八糟感到惊讶。 Please don‘t litter. 请不要乱丢东西。
Please don‘t litter the room. 请不要在屋里乱扔东西。
Please don‘t litter waste papers round the room.. 请不要在屋里乱扔废纸。 错误！未找到引用源。 refine
vt.1、提纯，精制；2、使精美，使完善 They have built a factory to refine cane sugar. 他们建了一个提炼蔗糖的工厂。 He has refined his manners.
他已使自己的举止仪态变得高雅完美。
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记者们力图把问题提得巧妙，以便引起他们所期望的答复。 错误！未找到引用源。 reproduce
vt.1、繁殖；2、再生产，再生长（器官）；3、复制；4、再现，重现 There are animals which can reproduce a lost part of their bodies. 有些动物能使身体上失去的某部分再生。 Frogs reproduce themselves by laying eggs. 青蛙通过产卵繁殖。
A tape-recorder will reproduce your lecture. 录音机将放出你的讲课录音。
He reproduced the painting by photography. 他通过照相复制了那副油画。
The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today. 十年前的情形今天又重现了。 2、常考句型
1、使用动物对于发展麻醉学具有至关重要的作用。P2
The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics.
2、用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关，它产生的后果常常起误导作用。P4
Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. 3、人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同。P4
People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work. 4、如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。P5
It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.
5、计算机模型的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物数量。P6
The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments. 6、现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生有害的生物效果。P7
Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.
7、用于实验室实验的动物数量在过去20年中已经减少。P8
The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.
8、这部分地是由于采用替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计的更好，所以需要的动物就少了。P8
This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used.
9、该系的大卫莫顿教授正在进行动物研究，他热心于尽可能地减少动物的痛苦。P9
Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.
10、这包括把它们豢养在更符合要求的笼子里。P9
This includes keeping them in more suitable cages. include 后面接动名词作宾语。 11、在美国，进行一次神经再生实验要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神经。P10
In the US,one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat‘s leg.
12、例如当研究心脏病和它对身体的影响时，或者当研究大脑疾病时，我们没有充分的代用
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品来代替动物。P12
When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to 当提到?的时候 3、习题
1.动物研究对人类医学的发展做出了重大的贡献。
Animal research has made great contributions to human medical development.
Animal research has contributed a great deal to the development of human medicine. 2.动物研究是否与人体健康有关，人们持不同态度。
People have different ideas about whether animal research is relevant to human health. 3用于实验的动物数量在过去二十年中已大大减少了。
The number of animals used in experiments has declined greatly over the past 20 years. 研究的新成果表明，少数实验可以放弃使用动物。
4.The new research findings show that a few experiments can be done without using animals. The new development in research has shown that a small proportion of tests can be done without using animals.
5.尽管医学技术越来越先进，但完全停止使用动物做实验仍然很远。
Although medical techniques are becoming more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.
Although medical technique becomes more and more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.
4、历年试题
1. The number of animals used in laboratory tests____(decline) over the last 20 years. (99.10)
答案： has declined 。 考点：本句中 over the last 20 years 是明显的表示现在完成时的时间状语。因此本句用现在完成时。
2. To assume the care for the pets can help bring the____humanity in our children and even in us adults. (99.10)
A. about B. in C. out D. up 答案
答案： C 。考点： 本题主要考查词组 bring out 表示“使显示，显现；生产，使产生” 3. It is touching to see how a cat or dog – especially a dog – itself to family and wants to share in all its goings and comings. (00.4) A. attributes B. applies C. assigned D. attaches
答案： D 。考点：本题主要考查词组 attach ? to 表示“把 ? 附加到，使 ? 与 ? 相关”。
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自考英语二复习精要
