大脑容量+抗干扰能力 1．
The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
[句子主干] The methods come into being to preserve aspects.
[语法难点] 除去所有的修饰成分，只剩下句子的主干。第一个that引导的定语从句，先行词是methods，第二个that引导的定语从句先行词是aspects，做perceives的宾语（所以that可以省略），第三个that是指示代词，表示“那个”社会。
句子翻译] 一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成，从而用来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。 2．
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [句子主干] Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased ?shareholders as a class, (which was) an element?
[语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element?landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是(which was)representing? ，另一个是(which was)detached?。
可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 r1i W ` \\ V Z
[句子翻译] 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 3．
That nineteenth--century French novelist Honore de Blazac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in life was an irony duplicated in other matters. [句子主干] That?..was an irony??
[语法难点] 这是一个由that引导的主语从句，从句又由于两部分组成，“financially wise in his fiction”，“losing all his money in life”由while隔开，表示转折。duplicated：复制，复写
[句子翻译] 十九世纪法国小说家巴尔扎克虽然在现实生活中身无分文，但是在他的小说里面他却显得很有经济头脑，这样的讽刺在他的其他事情上面也有体现。 4．（4#7）
There is nothing wrong with attempting to make the often difficult and complex findings of science available to a wider audience.
[句子主干]：make?available?to?
[语法难点]：多个限定成分使读者搞不懂句子要讲什么，将此句中的修饰成分去掉---- There is nothing wrong?to make?. findings of science available to a wider audience.
[句子翻译] 试图将科学上难解和复杂的发现变的广为人之没有什么不对。 5．（4#7）
Few ideas are more deeply entrenched in our political culture than that of impending ecological doom. [句子主干]：few?.are more??than?.
[语法难点]: 可能的生单词entrench: 确立，建立；impending:即将发生的，迫近的。此句较短，主要的语法点涉及比较级。如果将in our political culture前置或者后置，更有助理解。
[句子翻译]：很少有观念比即将来临的生态灾难更深刻的建立在我们的政治文化生活中。 6．
She circulated a petition for a meeting in 1858 to protest an impending execution and to support a law making life imprisonment the punishment for capital crime.
[句子主干] She circulated a petition to?.， and to ??. SAT北京康老师文档 jasonkangxh@gmail.com
Page 6 [语法难点] petition：请援书，陈情书；life imprisonment：终身监禁；
capital crime：死刑，a law making life imprisonment the punishment for capital crime. 其中making所引导的句子做law的定语，相当于which make?.，that make?..一般情况下，动名词做定语表示与所修饰词是主谓关系，过去分词做定语则表示与所限定成分是动宾关系。在此句中，还要注意make的多重用法。
[句子翻译] 她散布了一个请愿书，以在1858年举行集会反对即将执行的死刑，并且支持用终身监禁代替砍头刑法。 7．
Douglass supported the society but took issue with the move held by Secretary Amelia Bloomer to limit to woman the right to hold its office.
[句子主干] Douglass supported the society but took issue with Amelia Bloomer to?
[语法难点]: take issue with:与?争论，the move held by Secretary Amelia Bloomer是一个定语从句，先行词是the move，用“held”（过去分词形式）表示被动，to limit to woman the right to hold its office.是不定式作目的状语，另外在阅读长难句时要注意具有强转折意义的词语，因为这些词语后面往往涉及答题点。
[句子翻译] Douglass支持这个协会，但是不同意秘书Amelia Bloomer领导的只允许妇女参加办公室管理的运动。 8．
For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
[句子主干] For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights?means he can get on with living without?
[语法难点] 插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句，其核心结构为Rights means?，只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。”For Lolyd Nicks”为主句的状语成分，“a 54－years old?cancer”为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。
[句子翻译] 对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去，而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去 9．
Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[句子主干] Dependence is marked first by?, with?, and then by?
[语法难点] 有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语，修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ，所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句，而是与之并列的结构。
[句子翻译] 依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。 10．
But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of he middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.
[语法难点] than后的代词 it指代worry，前后都是同等结构，而problem分别带了两个介词短语decline和unwillingness，句末的非限制性定语从句仍修饰problem。
[句子翻译]：但我今天担忧的不是美国人最基本的认字问题，而是另外一个更奢华的问题，即美国中产阶层读者阅读艺术的衰退，他们不愿意给自己留出安静的空间，呆在家里，花费时间专注地阅读，这是围绕着古典阅读技巧形象的问题。 11．
And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple SAT北京康老师文档 jasonkangxh@gmail.com
Page 7 mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform.
[语法难点]：句子的主语是separation，谓语是is deepened。the detective feels是修饰separation的定语从句，介词短语between himself and?也是修饰separation的定语，这两个定语造成了主谓分隔。as引导的句子是方式状语从句；介词短语of citizens, social workers?是mindedness的定语；who引导的定语从句修饰前面的五个名词；that引导的定语从句修饰hope。
[句子翻译]：警察认为由于人们（市民、社会工作者、医生、立法人员以及法官）头脑简单——比如，法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改过自新——使得他们（警察）与社会之间的隔阂更深一层。 12．
Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
[语法难点] 这段话并不难理解，主要涉及到几项并列结构以及定语从句，which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰hypocritical spectacles，who引导的定语从句修饰the publisher，advocating是journalist的后置定语，whose引导的非限制性定语从句也修饰前面的journalist。
[句子翻译] 相反，我们被款待看到这样一些虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足：美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段的参与民主制的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。 13．
There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.
[语法难点] that引导的句子是faith的同位语，them指代前面的the powers of nature以及the mechanisms of man’s hands。
[句子翻译] 仍然具有这种信念，普通人的力量要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。 14．
Captured document which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner--of—war reports that we have obtained in recent months led us to believe that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially.
[语法难点]: 这个句子是由一个主句，三个定语从句和一个宾语从句组成的。“缴获的文件外加战俘的口供使我们相信??”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容，主句中的主语“文件”和“口供”均有限制性定语从句作修饰成分，宾语“相信”后有一个宾语从句。
[句子翻译] 我们从经由这个走廊渗透进来的人身上缴获的文件，加上近几个月从战俘那里得到的口供，使我们相信，渗透的规模确实扩大了。 15．
A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。
[语法难点] 在that引导的宾语从句中，又套入了两个who引导的定语从句。这个句子主句的主体是a survey reveals that?。从句的结构比较复杂：主语是the antiscience tag（反科学的标签），谓语是has been attached to（被贴到），宾语是many other groups，后面用了一个from sb. who?to sb. who?的结构来举例解释这些groups包括什么人
[句子翻译] 1996年进行的一次对新书的调查显示，“反科学”的标签也被贴在了很多别的人群的身上，包括提倡根除残余的天花病毒的权威机构，以及提倡削减基础科学研究资金的民主党人 16．
But he talked as well about the ―balanced struggle‖ between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he SAT北京康老师文档 jasonkangxh@gmail.com
Page 8 announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. [句子主干]
But he talked as well about …, and he announced that… [语法难点]
该句没有从句结构，而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。 [句子翻译]
但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准 17．
Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
[句子主干] Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that?, which is?
[语法难点] 有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单，而because引导的原因状语从句中，又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中，主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰，而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。
[句子翻译] 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。 18．（5#5）
This is precisely what alarms the sighted reader who thinks of reading as a private and intensely personal act, a solo flight with no copilot to look over your shoulder, make snide comments, or gush about the view. [句子主干] this is precisely what alarms the sighted reader??
[语法难点] what 引导的是表语从句，who引导的定语从句修饰the sighted reader，think?as?.将?.认为是??
[句子翻译] 正是这样的感觉为那些有眼光的读者敲醒了警钟，这些人把阅读看作是一件私事和极度个人的行为，就像在没有副驾驶员看者你肩膀的情况下单独飞行一样，做低劣的评论，或涌现出想法。 19．(8#6)
A poignant account of the violation of a woman’s virtue stood a much better chance of appealing to northern sensibilities than a pronouncement for woman’s individual rights, if only because such an account reaffirmed woman’s essentially domestic nature.
[句子主干] A poignant account?stood a much better chance?. than a pronouncement
[语法难点] 句子的主要结构是比较级，多个限定成分的出现扰乱了读者思路。其中account of the violation of a woman’s virtue，chance of appealing to northern sensibilities，pronouncement for woman’s individual rights都是有多个限定成分的句子，这句话的主语是violation，谓语是stood，宾语部分由一个比较级组成。if only的意思是只要、、、、、only if 意为只有、、、、
[句子翻译] 关于违背女性德行的辛辣言论比对妇女个人权利的宣告更能够吸引北方人的注意，只要这个言论重申女性家庭的本质。 20．(8#6)
(1)He wore the blue bag in the manner of my great –coat , (2)and was strutting along the pavement towards me on the opposite side of the street, (3)attended by a company of delighted young friends to whom he from time to time exclaimed ,with a wave of his hand ,‖Don’t know yah!‖
[句子主干] He?. was strutting?. towards me，?.attended by young friends
[语法难点] 本句话可以分为三部分，重点在于理解各个部分之间的连接关系，其中第三部分attended??.表示被动，作伴随状语。in the manner of是以?.的方式
[句子翻译] 他把兰色的袋子披在身上，像我穿大衣一样，沿着石铺路摆出四方步从对面的人行道出发向我走过来，有一群快乐的少年伙伴围在他左右，他一次又一次地对他们挥着手并且呼喊着：“不认识你啊！” SAT北京康老师文档 jasonkangxh@gmail.com
Page 9 21．(8#9)
But because Colonial Williamsburg offers not a segment of the history of a fine art, but a model of an ongoing community, it is intelligible and interesting to nearly everybody. [句子主干] Williamsburg offers not a segment?.. but a model?
[语法难点] 主要语法结构是not---but---，难点在于后面的限定成分，segment of the history of a fine art，model of an ongoing community。
[句子翻译] 由于殖民时代的威廉斯堡呈现的不是极品艺术的某一片段，而是呈现一个正在进行的艺术模型，它对每个人来说几乎都是可以理解和有趣的。 22．(7#4)
(1)That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static, (2)a supremely efficient adaptive system geared for evolution and change, (3)ceaselessly adapting to the needs of the organism----its need, above all, to construct a coherent self and world, whatever defects or disorders of brain function befall it. [句子主干] that?demands a view of?.rather than?..，
[语法难点] 将此句话分为三部分，第一部分首先是That引导的主语从句，rather than连接两个对比：dynamic and active和programmed and static，第二部分以及第三部分都是对第一部分“radical adaptations”的补充和说明
[句子翻译] 剧烈的适应可能会发生，这要求我们把大脑看作是动态的，活跃的，以及无比有效的适应性系统，这个系统适应变化和发展，永无止境地调整自己以适应生物体的需要（它首要的需要是构建和谐的自身与环境，无论什么大脑缺陷和疾病降临在它头上），而不是把它看作是预先编制好的，静态的系统。 23．(7#4)
This sense of the brain’s remarkable plasticity , its capacity for the most striking adaptations, not the least in the special(and often desperate) circumstances of neural or sensory mishap , has come to dominate my own perception of my patients and their lives.
[句子主干] This sense of plasticity?. has come to dominate my?.
[语法难点] 在句子的主干之间插入很长的限定成分，its capacity for the most striking adaptations, not the least in the special(and often desperate) circumstances of neural or sensory mishap都是对the brain’s remarkable plasticity的补充说明。
[句子翻译] 大脑有非同寻常的可塑性，它不仅仅在特定的（常常令人绝望的）神经或者感觉灾难下有惊人的调整能力，这一认识支配了我对病人和他们生活的看法。 24．(2#2)
For instance, the very woman (1)who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intuition of the female heart(2) he showed in his novels were appalled to discover how insensitive and awkward the real man could be. [句子主干] the woman were appalled to discover how?..the real man could be.
[语法难点] 本句的主要难点在于多个限制修饰成分将句子的主谓割开，其中定语从句(1)修饰的是the very woman；定语从句(2)修饰的是penetrating intuition，这两个定语从句将主语woman与系动词were割开，容易导致主谓混淆，分不清句子主干。
[句子翻译] 那些因为他小说中对女性极具穿透力的直觉与认识而被他吸引的女性，在显示生活中惊讶的发现他是多么的迟钝与笨拙。 25．(7#6)
However many directors and high officials of all sorts came and went , he was always seen in the same place , at the very same duty, so that they used to declare that he must have seen born a perpetual titular councilor in uniform all complete and with a bald patch on his head.
[语法难点] 本句话可以分为三部分，前面两部分讲两种现象，后面一部分是这两种现象所引起的结果，so that是如此。。。以至于；used to do：过去常常做某事，注意与be used to do sth以及be used to doing sth 的区分。
[句子翻译] 尽管各种各样的主管和高官来了又走，只有他依然待在原来的位置，履行同样的职责，以至于人们过去常常认为他一定是生下来就是一个穿着整套制服，头顶稍秃的终身荣誉顾问。 SAT北京康老师文档 jasonkangxh@gmail.com
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