is responsible for Organization training, and implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annual economic indicators of implementation, reporting to financial health on a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the daily oversight in the allocation and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Department statistics, collecting, sorting, reporting of accounting reports; 15, the company responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the \d grade\y, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handling, sampling, storage monitoring, the picking work, and provide the inventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling, transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, is responsible for the flow of control of all assets of the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to the departments responsible for clearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management section of the Finance Department of the company organized on a company-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to the company's business activities, monthly projects involved in the business activities of the company (including expenses, business management, cost control, cash flow, revenue, etc) financial analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, forecasting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is企业财务绩效的评价
一、开展企业财务绩效评价的理论依据
开展企业财务绩效评价最基础的理论依据是产权理论、委托代理理论、交易成本理论和行为科学理论等,它为出资人建立绩效评价制度,开展企业财务绩效评价工作,提供了逻辑基础。根据以上基础理论,出资人设计企业绩效评价体系有三大基本理论依据。
1.股东权益最大化理论。股东权益最大化理论是古典经济学关于资本雇佣劳动的企业中所奉行的基本观点,其主要内容为:资本所有者投入资本购买设备、雇佣工人,所以资本的投入是实现企业价值的最关键因素,资本的投入者即是企业的所有者,企业是所有者的企业;对于一个企业而言,所有者是企业中惟一的剩余风险承担者和剩余价值享有者,剩余的资本要承担最大的风险,而在企业内部存在的除股东之外的利益主体,包括雇员和债权人,可以通过选择在企业中只承担有限的责任或任务,获取相对固定的报酬或利益,并受到有关合同的保护,因此,企业的经营应以股东权益最大化为最终目标,以保护股东的权益。在上世纪90年代初,美国Stren Stewart咨询公司提出的 EVA评价系统,就是基于股东权益最大化理论。
2.公司价值最大化理论。公司价值最大化也即公司市场价值最大化。公司价值最大化理论认为:所谓公司价值是指公司全部资产的市场价值,主要表现为公司未来的收益以及按与取得收益相应的风险报酬率作为贴现率计算的现值,即未来现金净流量的现值。公司价值只有在其报酬与风险达到最佳均衡时才能达到最大。随着市场竞争的日益激烈,企业并购活动的日益频繁,并购双方越来越关注公司的市场价值,因为只有公司价值最大化,才能在并购活动中获取更大的谈判筹码,或者以较低的价格购买公司股权,或者以较高的价格出售公司股权,同时体现出公司管理者自身的价值。可见,公司价值最大化与股东财富最大化不是对立的,公司价值最大化理论成为公司所有者和管理者共同追求的目标,这就要求企业管理层在确保公司持续性价值创造、承担企业社会责任的基础上,为全体股东创造最大化的财富。
3.利益相关者理论。利益相关者这个词最早出现于1963年斯坦福大学一个研究小组的内部文稿,是指如果没有利益相关者群体的支持,企业就难以生存,包括:股东、雇员、顾客、债权人、供应商及社会责任。利益相关者理论的基本论点是公司经营除了要考虑股东利益外,还要考虑其他利益相关者的利益:一是公司的董事会成员和经理成员在最大限度发挥创造财富的潜能的同时,必须考虑他们的行为如重大决策等对公司利益相关者的影响;二是在企业决策中一部分利益相关者要比另一部分利益相关者更重要;三是应当使公司全部有实际意义的资产处于承担风险的利益相关者的控制之下。建立于利益相关者理论基础上的企业绩效评价方法,要通过设置相应评价指标反映各方利益相关者的利益保障程度。
is responsible for Organization training, and implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annual economic indicators of implementation, reporting to financial health on a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the daily oversight in the allocation and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Department statistics, collecting, sorting, reporting of accounting reports; 15, the company responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the \d grade\y, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handling, sampling, storage monitoring, the picking work, and provide the inventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling, transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, is responsible for the flow of control of all assets of the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to the departments responsible for clearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management section of the Finance Department of the company organized on a company-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to the company's business activities, monthly projects involved in the business activities of the company (including expenses, business management, cost control, cash flow, revenue, etc) financial analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, forecasting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is二、企业财务绩效评价的方法
(1)杜邦分析法
杜邦分析法的概念
杜邦分析法利用几种主要的财务比率之间的关系来综合地分析企业的财务状况,这种分析方法最早由美国杜邦公司使用,故名杜邦分析法。杜邦分析法是一种用来评价公司赢利能力和股东权益回报水平,从财务角度评价企业绩效的一种经典方法。其基本思想是将企业净资产收益率逐级分解为多项财务比率乘积,这样有助于深入分析比较企业经营业绩。
杜邦分析法的特点
杜邦模型最显著的特点是将若干个用以评价企业经营效率和财务状况的比率按其内在联系有机地结合起来,形成一个完整的指标体系,并最终通过权益收益率来综合反映。采用这一方法,可使财务比率分析的层次更清晰、条理更突出,为报表分析者全面仔细地了解企业的经营和盈利状况提供方便。
杜邦分析法有助于企业管理层更加清晰地看到权益资本收益率的决定因素,以及销售净利润率与总资产周转率、债务比率之间的相互关联关系,给管理层提供了一张明晰的考察公司资产管理效率和是否最大化股东投资回报的路线图。
杜邦分析法的的基本思路
1、权益净利率是一个综合性最强的财务分析指标,是杜邦分析系统的核心。 2、资产净利率是影响权益净利率的最重要的指标,具有很强的综合性,而资产净利率又取决于销售净利率和总资产周转率的高低。总资产周转率是反映总资产的周转速度。对资产周转率的分析,需要对影响资产周转的各因素进行分析,以判明影响公司资产周转的主要问题在哪里。销售净利率反映销售收入的收益水平。扩大销售收入,降低成本费用是提高企业销售利润率的根本途径,而扩大销售,同时也是提高资产周转率的必要条件和途径。
3、权益乘数表示企业的负债程度,反映了公司利用财务杠杆进行经营活动的程度。资产负债率高,权益乘数就大,这说明公司负债程度高,公司会有较多的杠杆利益,但风险也高;反之,资产负债率低,权益乘数就小,这说明公司负债程度低,公司会有较少的杠杆利益,但相应所承担的风险也低。
杜邦分析法的财务指标关系
净资产收益率=资产净利率×权益乘数
而:资产净利率=销售净利率×资产周转率
即:净资产收益率=销售净利率×资产周转率×权益乘数
is responsible for Organization training, and implementation, and check; 12, master workshops annual economic indicators of implementation, reporting to financial health on a regular basis; 13, is responsible for the daily oversight in the allocation and use of funds; 14, responsible for all Department statistics, collecting, sorting, reporting of accounting reports; 15, the company responsible for the supervision of the Treasury, including the \d grade\y, a library of materials, products for regular inventory handling, sampling, storage monitoring, the picking work, and provide the inventory report, and make the appropriate accounting treatment; 16, responsible for waste and recycling, transportation and settlement; 17, is responsible for all product sales accounting functions; 18, responsible for the company's raw materials, auxiliary materials, account management; 19, is responsible for the flow of control of all assets of the company, according to the changes in accounting treatment offixed assets and assets to the departments responsible for clearing, settlement and asset monthly report submitted to the asset management section of the Finance Department of the company organized on a company-wide special inspection of asset management; 20, according to the company's business activities, monthly projects involved in the business activities of the company (including expenses, business management, cost control, cash flow, revenue, etc) financial analysis, provide a basis for decisions for the company, the business of the company responsible for monitoring, forecasting and risk analysis; 21, responsible for the settlement of transactions with the Bank; 22, is杜邦分析法的局限性
从企业绩效评价的角度来看,杜邦分析法只包括财务方面的信息,不能全面反映企业的实力,有很大的局限性,在实际运用中需要加以注意,必须结合企业的其他信息加以分析。主要表现在:
1.对短期财务结果过分重视,有可能助长公司管理层的短期行为,忽略企业长期的价值创造。
2.财务指标反映的是企业过去的经营业绩,衡量工业时代的企业能够满足要求。但在目前的信息时代,顾客、供应商、雇员、技术创新等因素对企业经营业绩的影响越来越大,而杜邦分析法在这些方面是无能为力的。 3.在目前的市场环境中,企业的无形知识资产对提高企业长期竞争力至关重要,杜邦分析法却不能解决无形资产的估值问题。
(2)平衡计分卡BSC
概 念
平衡计分卡:它是由美国著名的管理大师罗伯特?卡普兰和复兴方案国际咨询企业总裁戴维?诺顿在总结了十二家大型企业的业绩评价体系的成功经验的基础上提出的具有划时代意义的战略管理业绩评价工具。
平衡计分卡,是一种战略性人力资源管理思想和指导方法,就是说,在我们制定企业的战略发展指标时,要综合考虑企业发展过程中的财务指标和一系列非财务指标的平衡,不能只关注企业的财务指标。具体内容如下:1、企业的战略目标,是由企业的财务指标和一系列非财务指标构成的;2、企业的各个部门和企业的每一个员工的绩效考核指标,是由企业的战略目标分解得到:将企业的战略目标,分解到每一个部门,然后再分解到每个部门里面的每一个员工。这样就把员工的日常工作,跟企业战略目标建立一个自然的联系。
平衡计分卡的“平衡”体现在几个方面: 短期与长期的平衡:企业的目标是获取最大利润;企业的建设要获得持续的收入而不是某一次的“中大奖”。BSC正是以战略的眼光,合理的调节企业长期行为与短期行为的关系,从而实现企业的可持续性发展。在平衡计分卡的四部分中,有的指标是超前的,而有的指标是滞后的。
财务与非财务的平衡:尽管利润是企业的最终目标,但财务指标却与客户、内部流程、学习与创新等非财务指标密不可分。只有两方面都得到改善,企业的战略才能得到实施。
指标间的平衡:在指标设置的权重上,四个指标应该一视同仁,而没有偏向。在这方面,跟我们以前惯用的“短板管理”有很大差异。原因就在于“短板管理”往往是短期的,所以倾向性很强;而BSC是长期的战略评估,所以必须要协调发展。四个方面构成一个整体的循环,如果在某一方面有所偏废,那么即使其它三方面做的非常好,企业最后必然还是失败的。因为它的循环发生了断裂,到后期必然成为企业的“短板”,限制企业的发展。