[重点实用参考文档资料]
re(基础设
施)neededforthetechnology,especiallyifconsumersdon'thaveaccesstoit.It'sachicken-and-eggproblem:noonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpoint-of-salesystemsthatcanreadthechip
cardsifshoppersaren'tcarryingthem—yetthere'slittlepointinconsumers'
carryingthefancyplasticifstoresaren'tequippedtousethem.(Anearlier effortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedtraction.)Accordingto
Gumbley,there'sa\logjam(
僵
局)hastobebroken.\
[K]JPMorganChaseCEOJamieDimonrecentlyeGpressedhiswillingnesstodo
so,notingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees—thepercentageofthetransactionpricetheykeep—ratherthandealwiththegrowinghackingproblem.Chaseoffersachip-enabledcardunderitsownbrandandseveralothersfortravel-relatedcompaniessuchasBritishAirwaysandRitz-Carlton.
[L]TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculus:although
retailershavebeenreluctanttospendthe$6.75billionthatCapgeminiconsultantsestimateitwilltaketoconvertalltheirregisterstobechip-and-PIN-compatible,thepotentialliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticallygreater.Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers.\matenightmare,\IME.
[M]Thecard-paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforch
[重点实用参考文档资料]
[重点实用参考文档资料]
ange.Thetwofirmshavewarnedallpartiesinthetransactionchain—merchant,network,bank—thatiftheydon'tbecomeEMV—compliantbyOctober2015,thepartythatisleastcompliantwillbearthefraudrisk.
[N]Inthemeantime,app-equippedsmartphonesanddigitalwallets—allofw
hichcanuseEMVtechnology—arebeginningtomakeinroads(袭
侵
)oncardsandcash.PayPal,forinstance,istestinganappthatlets
youuseyourmobilephonetopayontheflyatlocalmerchants—without surrenderinganycardinfotothem.Andfurtherdowntheroadisbiometricauthentication, whichcouldbeencryptedwith,say,afingerprint. [O]Creditanddebitcards,though,aregoing
tobewithusfortheforeseeablefuture,andsoarehackers,ifwestickwith magstripetechnology.\English,\40-year-oldtechnology.\e
needleonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:\a
positionofworryandinconvenience,that'swheretherubberhitsthe
road.\
46.Somebigbanks,likeWellsFargo,arenowofferingtoconvertyour 47.Swipe(
卡)istheoperativeword:cardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattacks.
48.Chip-and-PINcards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossible. 49.Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2eGtraforeverypieceofplasticissued. 50.Athinmagneticstrip(magstripe)isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-card.
刷
[重点实用参考文档资料]
[重点实用参考文档资料]
51.Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotection. 52.Whyhaven’tbigbanksadoptedthemoresecuretechnology? 53.TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculation. 54.ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripe.
55.Creditanddebitcards,though,aregoingtobewithusfortheforeseeablefuture. SectionC Passage1
I’lladmitI’veneverquiteunderstoodtheobsession(难以破除的成见)surroundinggeneticallymodified(GM)crops.Toenvironmentalistopponents,GMfoodsaresimplyevil,anunderstudied,possiblyharmfultoolusedbybigagriculturebusinesstocontrolglobalseedmarketsandcrushlocalfarmers.TheyarguethatGMfoodshaveneverdeliveredontheirsupposedpromise,thatmoneyspentonGMcropswouldbebetterfunneledtoorganicfarmingandthatconsumersshouldbeprotectedwithwarninglabelsonanyproductsthatcontaingeneticallymodifiedingredients.Tosupporters,GMcropsareakeypartoftheefforttosustainablyprovidefoodtomeetaglobalpopulation.Butmorethanthat,supportersseetheGMoppositionofmanyenvironmentalistsasfundamentallyanti-science,nodifferentthanthosewhoquestionthebasicsofman-madeclimatechange.
Forbothsides,GMfoodsseemtoactasasymbol:you’repro-agribusinessoranti-science.ButscienceiseGactlywhatweneedmoreofwhenitcomestoGMfoods,whichiswhyIwashappytoseeNaturedevoteaspecialseriesofarticles
[重点实用参考文档资料]
[重点实用参考文档资料]
totheGMfoodcontroversy.Theconclusion:whileGMcropshaven’tyetrealizedtheirinitialpromiseandhavebeendominatedbyagribusiness,thereisreasontocontinuetouseanddevelopthemtohelpmeettheenormouschallengeofsustainablyfeedingagrowingplanet.
Thatdoesn’tmeanGMcropsareperfect,oraone-sizes-fits-allsolutiontoglobalagricultureproblems.Butanythingthatcanincreasefarmingefficiency—theamountofcropswecanproduceperacreofland—willbeeGtremelyuseful.GMcropscanandalmostcertainlywillbepartofthatsuiteoftools,butsowilltraditionalplantbreeding,improvedsoilandcropmanagement—andperhapsmostimportantofall,betterstorageandtransportinfrastructure(基础设施),especiallyinthedevelopingworld.(Itdoesn’tdomuchgoodforfarmersinplaceslikesub-SaharanAfricatoproducemorefoodiftheycan’tgetittohungryconsumers.)I’dliketoseemorenon-industryresearchdoneonGMcrops—notjustbecausewe’dworrylessaboutbias,butalsobecausetheMonsantosandPioneersoftheworldshouldn’tbetheonlyentitiesworkingtoharnessgeneticmodification.I’dliketoseeGMresearchonlesscommercialcrops,likecorn.Idon’tthinkit’svitaltolabelGMingredientsinfood,butIalsowouldn’tbeagainstit—andindustrywouldbesmarttogoalongwithlabeling,justasawayofdefusingfearsaboutthetechnology.
Mostofall,though,Iwishatenthoftheenergythat’sspentendlesslydebatingGMcropswasfocusedonthosemorepressingchallengesforglobalagriculture.Therearemuchbiggerbattlestofight.
56.HowdoenvironmentalistopponentsviewGMfoodsaccordingtothepassage?
[重点实用参考文档资料]
[重点实用参考文档资料]
A).Theywilleventuallyruinagricultureandtheenvironment. B).Theyareusedbybigbusinessestomonopolizeagriculture. C).Theyhaveprovedpotentiallyharmfultoconsumers’health. D).Theyposeatremendousthreattocurrentfarmingpractice.
57.Whatdoestheauthorsayisvitaltosolvingthecontroversybetweenthetwosidesofthedebate?
A).BreakingtheGMfoodmonopoly. B).MorefriendlyeGchangeofideas.
C).RegulatingGMfoodproduction. D).MorescientificresearchonGMcrops. 58.WhatisthemainpointoftheNaturearticles?
A).FeedingthegrowingpopulationmakesitimperativetodevelopGMcrops.
B).PopularizingGMtechnologywillhelpittoliveuptoitsinitialpromises. C).MeasuresshouldbetakentoensurethesafetyofGMfoods. D).Bothsupportersandopponentsshouldmakecompromises. 59.Whatistheauthor’sviewonthesolutiontoagriculturalproblems? A).IthastodependmoreandmoreonGMtechnology. B).Itisvitaltothesustainabledevelopmentofhumansociety. C).GMcropsshouldbealloweduntilbetteralternativesarefound. D).Whateverisusefultoboostfarmingefficiencyshouldbeencouraged. 60.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheongoingdebatearoundGMcrops? A).Itarisesoutofignoranceofandprejudiceagainstnewscience. B).Itdistractsthepublicattentionfromotherkeyissuesoftheworld.
[重点实用参考文档资料]
[实用参考]2015年6月英语六级考试真题2试卷
