Identify bacteria
1 Introduction
2 Bacterial classification 3 Identifying Bacteria
1 Introduction
Classification: The arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups(taxa分类类群) on the basis of similarities or relationships.
Classification of bacteria requires a knowledge obtained by experimental as well as observational techniques, because biochemical, physiologic, genetic, and morphologic properties are often necessary for an adequate description of a taxon(分类单元). Nomenclature: Naming an organism by international rules according to its characteristics.
Binomial nomenclature is adopted in naming bacteria. The names of every bacteria are composed with two latin words. The first one is genus name, and the last one is species name. The genus name is capital. The species name is lower case. They must be in ital. Identification: Identification refers to the practical use of a classification scheme:
(1) To isolate and distinguish desirable(想要的) organisms from undesirable（不合适的） ones;
(2) To verify(核实) the authenticity(真实性) or special properties of a culture; or, in a clinical setting;
(3) To isolate and identify the causative agent(病原体，病原物) of a disease. An ideal identification system should contain the minimum number of features required for a correct diagnosis. Groups are split into smaller subgroups on the basis of the presence or absence of a diagnostic character. numerical taxonomy
phylogenetic(系统发生的) classification
2 Bacterial classification
2.1 Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
The possibility that one might draw inferences about phylogenetic relationships among
bacteria is reflected in the organization of the latest edition of Brgey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology. The companion volume, published in 1994, serves as an aid in the identification of those bacteria that have been described and cultured. 2.2 Medically important bacteria
I.Gram-negative eubacteria(真细菌) that have cell walls Group 1:The spirochetes(螺旋体，螺旋菌) ? Treponema(密螺旋体) ? Borrelia(包柔氏螺旋体) ? Leptospira(细螺旋体，钩端螺旋体)
Group 2:Aerobic/microaerophilic(需氧/微需氧的), motile helical/vibroid(螺旋形的/类
病毒的) gram-negative bacteria ? Campylobacter(弯曲杆菌) ? Helicobacter(螺杆菌) ? Spirillum(螺旋菌)
Group 3:Nonmotile (or rarely motile) curved bacteria none pathogens is found in this group
Group 4:Gram-negative aerobic/microaerophilic rods and cocci ? Alcaligenes(产碱杆菌属) ? Bordetella(博代氏杆菌属) ? Brucella(布鲁氏菌) Francisella(弗朗西斯氏菌属) ? Legionella(军团杆菌，军团菌属) ? Moraxella(莫拉克斯氏菌属) ? Neisseria(奈瑟氏菌属) ? Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属) ? Rochalimaea(罗沙利马体属) ? Bacteroides (拟杆菌属)(some species)
Group 5:Facultatively anaerobic(兼性厌氧的) gram-negative rods ? Escherichia(埃希氏杆菌属) (related coliform(大肠型) bacteria) ? Klebsiella(克雷白氏杆菌属) ? Proteus(变形杆菌属) ? Providencia(普罗维登斯菌属) ? Salmonella(沙门氏菌) ? Shigella(志贺氏杆菌) ? Yersinia(耶尔森氏鼠疫杆菌) ? Vibrio(弧菌) ? Haemophilus(嗜血杆菌)
?
Pasteurella(巴斯德菌)
Group 6:Gram-negative, anaerobic,straight, curved,and helical rods ? Bacteroides(拟杆菌属) ? Fusobacterium(梭菌属) ? Prevotella(普雷沃菌属)
Group 7: Dissimilatory(异化的) sulfate- or sulfur-reducing bacteria Group 8: Anaerobic gram-negative cocci
none pathogens is found in these two groups
Group 9:The rickettsiae(立克次氏体) and chlamydiae(衣原体) ? Rickettsia ? Coxiella(柯克斯氏体) ? chlamydia
Group 15:Nonphotosynthetic, nonfruiting gliding bacteria(滑行) ? Capnocytophaga
II. Gram-positive bacteria that have cell walls Group 17:Gram-positive cocci ? Enterococcus(肠球菌) ? Peptostreptococcus(消化链球菌属) ? Staphylococcus(葡萄球菌) ? Streptococcus(链球菌)
?
Group 18:Endospore-forming(形成内芽孢) gram-positive rods and cocci ? Bacillus(芽孢杆菌) ? Clostridium(梭菌)
Group 19: Regular, nonsporing gram-positive rods ? Erysipelothrix(丹毒丝菌) ? Listeria (李斯特菌属)
Group 20: Irregular, nonsporing gram-positive rods ? Actinomyces(放线菌) ? Corynebacterium(棒状杆菌) ? Mobiluncus(动弯杆菌属) Group 21: The mycobacteria ? Mycobacterium(分支杆菌属) Group 22-29: Actinomycetes ? Nocardia(诺卡氏菌属) ? Streptomyces (链霉菌属) ? Rhodococcus (红球菌属)
III. Cell wall-less eubacteria(真细菌): The mycoplasmas(支原体) or mollicutes(柔膜
医学微生物课件chapter4 Identify bacteria
