教材名称：《计算机专业英语》 主 编： 来永春 出版时间：
电子教案
第 45 次课 学时 2 Project Eight Letting Students Trade Online 授课题目（章，节） Part A Theoretical Learning Fast Reading One Introduction to Programming Languages 授课类型（请打√） 理论课□√ 研讨课□ 习题课□ 复习课□ 其他□ 教学目的： 1 In this part, our target is to improve the speed of reading professional articles and the comprehension ability of the reader. 2.We have marked specialized vocabulary key words in some paragraphs so that the reader can quickly grasp the main idea of the sentences and paragraphs. 教学方法、手段： 1. By the computer, projector and blackboard-writing 2. By the student-centered learning, using Classroom Teaching Method, Communicative Teaching Method, Task-based Teaching Method and Audio-visual Teaching Method 教学重点、难点： 1.Master the key words and phrases in the text. 2.Analyze the structure of the complex sentences in the text. 3.Translate the text into Chinese with the help of the reference materials. 3.Describe Introduction to Programming Languages 补充内容和教学内容及过程设计 时间分配 教学设计 Step 1.Generally speaking, the faster you read within limits, the better you will 20 分钟 comprehend. Is it so with you? If it is, what are the limits? For you, optimum comprehension comes at speeds somewhat above your slowest rates. Computers cannot function without programs, which give them instructions. People specialized in writing programs are known as computer programmers. They construct programs by using programming languages. Programming language, in computer science, is the artificial language used to write a sequence of instructions that can be run by a computer. These are not natural languages, such as English, Chinese, but are specified sets of words, phrases and symbols called codes, which can be combined in certain very restricted ways to instruct the computer. However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling and punctuation must be precise. Step 2. Skimming is a rapid -reading skill that does not require reading all the material word by word but requires a high degree of concentration. In
the process of skimming, you should look for the gist of the passage, 25分钟 skip the words and phrases that are not important to the meaning, and still obtain an adequate comprehension. Programming languages date back almost to the invention of the digital computer in the 1940s. Computer languages have undergone dramatic evolution since the first electronic computers were built to assist in telemetry calculations during World War Ⅱ. Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer instructions: machine language. These instructions were represented by long strings of ones and zeros. The first assembly languages emerged in the late 1950s with the introduction of commercial computers. It maps machine instructions to human-readable mnemonics, such as ADD and MOV. The first procedural languages were developed in the late 1950s to early 1960s. FORTRAN created by John Backus and then COBOL created by Grace Hopper. The first functional language was LISP, written by John McCarthy IN THE LATE 1950s. Although heavily updated, all three languages are still widely used today. In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as SIMULA, emerged. During the 1970s, procedural languages continued to develop with ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL and C. Step 3 Reading well requires more than understanding the words, sentences and ideas. When you read the following paragraph, you should find out the descriptions of some sentences quickly, and keep your thoughts flowing with the author's.
Programming languages use specific types of statements, or instructions, to provide functional structure to the program. A statement in a program is a basic sentence that expresses a simple idea—its purpose is to give the computer a basic instruction. Statements define the types of data allowed, how data is to be manipulated, and the ways that procedures and functions work. Variables can be assigned different values within the program. The properties variables can have are called types. In many programming languages, a key data type is a pointer. Pointers themselves do not have values; instead, they have information that the computer can use to locate some other variable—that is, they point to another variable. An expression is a piece of a statement that describes a series of computations to be performed on some of the program’s variable, such as X + Y/Z, in which the variables are X, Y, and Z. The computations are addition and division. Step 4. When your reading habits are good, your reading is efficient and 20 分钟 rapid; When the habits are bad, your is slow and unsatisfying. When you read with your eyes only, not with any part of your mouth. Reading is a visual process, and at the same time, words can be understood without \ following paragraph, An assignment statement assigns a variable a value derived from some expression, while conditional statements specify expressions to be tested and then used to select which other statements should
be executed next. Procedure and function statements define certain blocks of code as procedures or functions that can then be returned to later in the program. These statements also define the kinds of variables and parameters the programmer can choose and the type of value that the code will return when an expression accesses the procedure or function. The most commonly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. Programming languages can be classified as either low-level programming languages or high-level programming languages. Low-level programming languages, for example, assembly languages, are the most basic type of programming languages. Assembly languages are very close to machine languages, but they must still be translated into machine language.
Step 5. In order to attain a higher level of comprehension, you'd better make your 25分钟 initial fixation as you did before, then move your eyes to make a second fixation, then another fixation, until you have finished the last word. Mark off each Of your eye spans with a slanting line as you move from the beginning to the end. How to understand machine languages? Machine languages are a sequence of 1s and 0s, called bits, and can be understood directly by a computer. In the same way, high-level programming languages are close to human natural languages, and also must first be translated into machine languages by a compiler before they can be understood and processed by a computer. Examples of high-level programming languages are FORTRAN, ALGOL, Delphi, SNOBOL, Pascal, C, C++, Visual C++, Visual C #.NET, COBOL, BASIC, LISP, PROLOG, Visual Basic, Visual FoxPro, Java, and Ada. For this reason, programs written in a high-level programming language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language. High-level programming languages are more similar to normal human languages than low-level programming languages. Therefore, it is easier for the programmer to write larger and complicated programs faster.
Step 6. This task is to check your ability to understand and translate sentences. When you read long sentences carefully, the logical connection is often found between two sentences, for example, one sentence describing the occurrence; while the other explaining why or how it occurs, or what consequence it brings about This practice of identifying the logical connection among sentences helps to improve you reading comprehension. When you read the following sentences, you'd better analyze the structures of the sentences first. And then translate them into Chinese. 1. Computers cannot function without programs, which give them instructions.
2. These are not natural languages, such as English, Chinese, but are specified sets of words, phrases and symbols called codes, which can be combined in certain very restricted ways to instruct the computer. 3. Computer languages have undergone dramatic evolution since the first electronic computers were built to assist in telemetry calculations during World War Ⅱ. 4. Programming languages use specific types of statements, or instructions, to provide functional structure to the program. 5. The most commonly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. 6. For this reason, programs written in a high-level programming language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language. 思考题、作业题、讨论题： 1.Read Introduction to Programming Languages,and pay attention to the reading speed and choose the best answer for each of the followings statements according to the text we learn.. 2.Translate the text into Chinese with the help of the reference materials. 课后总结分析：
计算机专业英语教案--45[4页]
