B. building megacities while promoting energy efficiency C. staying away from modern building technologies D. integrating their buildings with nature
85. China’s struggle to clean up Beijing’s air for the Olympics, according to the passage, is a convincing example of ____________.
A. the inevitability of our clean and sustainable metropolitan future B. the necessity of encouraging citizens to use public transportations C. the urgency of addressing climate change in the developing countries
D. the importance of integrated thinking to meeting the challenges of urbanization
Passage Six
On June 26, 2000, two scientific teams announced at the White House that they had deciphered virtually the entire human genome, a prodigious feat that involved determining the exact sequence of chemical units in human genetic material. An enthusiastic President Clinton predicted a revolution in “the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases.”
Now, 10 years later, a sobering realization has set in. Decoding the genome has led to stunning advances in scientific knowledge and DNA-processing technologies but it has done relatively little to improve medical treatments or human health.
To be fair, many scientists at the time were warning that it would be a long, slow slog to reap clinical benefits.
And there have been some important advances, such as powerful new drugs for a few cancers and genetic tests that can predict whether people with breast cancer need chemotherapy. But the original hope that close study of the genome would identify mutations or variants that cause diseases like cancer, Alzheimer’s and heart ailments — and generate treatments for them — has given way to realization that the causes of most diseases are enormously complex and not easily traced to a simple mutation or two.
In the long run, it seems likely that the genomic revolution will pay off. But no one can be sure. Even if the genetic roots of some major diseases are identified, there is no guarantee that treatments can be found. The task facing science and industry in coming decades is as at least as challenging as the original deciphering of the human genome.
86. Back in the year 2000, what was exciting about the deciphered genome?
A. Its claim at the turn of the new millennium. B. Its great potential of producing medical value.
C. President Clinton’s prediction of a moral controversy. D. Its announcement for the first time at the White House.
87. Clinically, according to the passage, the prophecy ten years later _________.
A. is proved to be fair enough. B. is realized in clinical trials. C. turns out to be a reality. D. is far from realization.
88. From our disappointment we have to realize that ___________.
A. most human diseases cannot be conquered.
B. the deciphering of the human genome was fruitless.
C. the cause of diseases can not be simply explained by a mutation or two. D. many clinical harvests have nothing to do with the deciphered genome.
89. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.
A. difficulties are hard to predict in doing science. B. it is no use finding the genetic roots of diseases. C. scientists are not supposed to make any predictions.
D. the clinical benefits of the genomic revolution will take time.
90. The writer’s tone in the passage is ____________.
A. rational B. cynical C. doubtful D. skeptical
Paper Two
Part V Writing (20%)
Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write
a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
学会呼吸可长寿
生命离不开呼吸。人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。英国一项研究显示，90%以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。而据我国呼吸科专家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病。
深呼吸的几大好处
做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢？首先，深呼吸能帮助人们缓解压力和失眠症状。当人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。失眠的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。
其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，大约有3亿个。在一般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％—90％能充分地工作，剩下的肺泡处于浪费状态。如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。当采用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺泡也打开了。工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来就在工作的80％—90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。这样，更多的前列腺素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效果。
最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在
于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升—500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使生命获得大量的能源。
如何学会正确呼吸
怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢？最关键的有两点，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐的干净，这样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸—停—呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。
这种呼吸法是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，提高效率。例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫挥杆能挥得更远。这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园的树都能练习。尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳定情绪。
2014年全国医学考博英语试题
