中考英语--谓语动词的时态：完成体（现在，过去，将来）
谓语动词的时态--- 完成体
● 现在完成时
定义：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果或表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在。
结构：主语 + have / has + done (动词的过去分词) 从中考角度，解析一般将来时的出题方向 现在完成时的讲解 情景一： ● 谈论行为结果：“已already” “还没有not…yet” ① Gina isn’t here. She has already gone to school. ② I’m hungry. I haven’t had breakfast yet. ③ Tom can’t find his key. He has lost it. 谈论某行为是“已发生”还是“未发生” 情景二： ● 谈论之前的经历“曾ever”；“不曾never”；“……次数”，截止点是现在。 ①-- What’s George’s sister like ? -- I have no idea. I have never met her. ②-- Do you know this city very well? --Yes. I have been here many times. ③-- Is Qinghai a beautiful city? -- I don’t know. I have never been there before. 谈论到目前为止的经历，是“曾”还是“未曾” 情景三： ● 肯定句中，谈论目前身份、状态所持续时间段。 ① My father is a teacher. (现状) He has been a teacher for 20 years. (现状所持续的时间段) ② My grandparents live in the countryside. (现状) They have lived there since they were born. (现状所持续的时间段) ③ She doesn’t eat meat. (现状) She hasn’t eaten meat for many years. (现状所持续的时间段) 通过上下语境的对比，我们来系统地讲了现完的三种语境。来做做下面的试题吧。 用括号内单词的适当形式完成句子。
1. I ____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week. 2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now. 4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
谈论目前身份、状态所持续的时间段 6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks. 8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day. 10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you.
12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in. 13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree. 14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday. 答案：
1. I have already seen (see) the film. I saw (see) it last week. 2. Has he finished (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father has just come (come) back from work. He is tired now. 4. Where’s Li Ming? He has gone (go) to the teacher’s office. 5. I have worked (work) here since 1999. 6. So far I have made (make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long have the Wangs stayed (stay) here ? For two weeks. 8. I have just finished (finish) my homework.
9. He goes (go) to school on foot every day. 10.Have you found (find) your science book yet?
11. If it is (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you.
12. The students were reading (read) English when the teacher came in. 13. Look! The monkey is climbing (climb) the tree. 14. My mother will come (come) to see me next Sunday. ● 过去完成时的结构
动作性句子： 谓语(行为)动词 had done We had a lot of work at school before the classes were over. 结构 非动作性句子：谓语动词 be-- had been I realized that I had been in bad mood too long. 从中考角度，解析过去完成时的出题方向 情景二：过去完成时 过去完成时指过去某个时间之前发生的事情或存在的状态，是过去的过去。 常用的时间状语有by....., by the time, by then, before等。 一般过去时 PK 过去完成时 1.I didn’t go to the film with my friends yesterday because I had seen it twice. “没去看”是昨天发生的事，用过去时；而“看过两次”是昨天之前发生的，故用过去完成时； 2.Where had you gone before I came here? “来这”是过去时，而“去哪了”发生在来这之前，故用过去完成时； 3.I had began to play the piano by the time I went to school. “上学”是过去时，而“开始弹琴”发生在上学之前，故用过去完成时； 【提示】你有没有发现什么特征呢？
句子中的过去时和过去完成时，是为了说明两个动作发生的先后顺序，你再仔细琢磨一下！
1.They _______ about eight hundred English words by the end of last term. A. will learn
B. had learned
C. are going to learn D. have learned
2.The plane _______ when we got to the airport. A. had taken off
B. was taken off
C. will take off
D. takes off
3.--Why didn’t you buy the dictionary yesterday? --Because I _______ one before. A. had bought B. have bought would buy
C. bought D.
答案：1. B 从by the end of last term, 截止到上学期末可知，叙述的上学期之前发生的事情。
2. A 从when we got to....当我们到机场时，飞机已经起飞了，到达是过去时，起飞是过去完成时。
3. A 语境是：昨天怎么不买，因为之前买过了；昨天已过去，“买”发生在昨天之前。
短暂性动词 VS 延续性动词
1.你知道该如何划分短暂性动词和延续性动词吗？
动词按其动作发生的方式，动作发生过程的长短，可分为短暂性动词和延续性动词。 2.那什么是短暂性动词，什么是延续性动词，它们之间又该如何转换呢？ 我们来看看下面的讲义，来进行具体的讲解吧。 情景一：短暂性动词VS 延续性动词 ● 短暂性动词表示瞬间动词、点动词，这种动作发生后立即结束。如 open, close, begin, finish, 在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用 This film began five minutes ago. 在否定句中可以表示时间段的状语连用 He hasn’t left his hometown for ten years. ● 延续性动词表示能够延续性的动词，与表示时间段的短语连用。 You can keep this book for two days.
情景二：短暂性动词转化为延续性动词常见的方法 ① 用意义相同或相近的延续性动词替代。如： borrow → keep, buy → have, put on → wear, get/catch a cold → have a cold ② 用“be+形容词”替代。如： die → be dead, open → be open， marry → be married, ③ 用“be+介词或副词”替代。如： begin/start → be on, leave → be away , come → be in/here, end→ be over 通过上面的讲解，你能实现短暂性动词与延续性动词的变换吗？ ①The train has arrived, and it has ________ for ten minutes. ②My teacher will leave, and he will ________ for a week. ③His grandpa has died, and he has ________ for almost 5 years. ④You can borrow my bike, but you can only ________ it for one day. ⑤The movie has started, and it has ________ for half an hour. ⑥The lesson has finished, it has ________ for 10 minutes.
答案：1. been here 2. be away 3. been dead 4. keep 5. been on 6. been over
二、英语书面表达专项训练
2．近年，有一些地区提出把游泳纳入中考的体育考试，并在学生中做了一次问卷调查。下面是一个学校的调查结果，请你根据调查情况写一篇英语短文阐明调查结果及表达自己的观点。
赞成的学生人数占：57% 理由： 不赞成的学生人数占：43% 理由： 1. 害怕水 2. 有危险性 3. 气温低时容易感冒 1. 强身健体，预防疾病 2. 训练求生技能 3. 休闲娱乐，放松身心 你的观点与理由？ 要求：
1. 词数80左右。（文章的开头已给出，不计入词数） 2. 不得透露学校，姓名等个人信息，否则不予评分。
In recently years, some districts are planning to include swimming in the examination of physical
education. And they made a survey about it in some schools, Here’s the result from one school.
【答案】例文In recently years, some districts are planning to include swimming in the examination of physical education. And they made a survey about it in some schools. Here’s the result from one school.
About 57 per cent students like to have swimming lessons at school. Because it can help build up our body and guide against (prevent) illness. Besides, swimming is a survival skill when we face some natural disasters. It is also a good choice to go swimming lo relax ourselves when we are free.
However, 43 percent students are against this plan for some reasons. First, some of them are afraid of getting in the water. Second, it may be dangerous because we may drown. Then, when it is cold, we may catch a cold.
In my opinion, it’s a good idea lo have swimming lessons. I can improve my health, and relax myself after classes as well.
(In my opinion, it’s not a good way to have swimming lessons at school. Because it’s expensive to build a swimming pool, and sometimes it’s difficult to keep the water clean because there are many students at school.) 【解析】 【详解】
本文是一篇材料作文，根据所给材料，阐明关于“把游泳纳入中考体育考试”的两种不同观点，而且最后还要表达出自己的观点，所以文章主要用一般现在时。文章分为三个部分，第一部分，首先引出本文话题，并用Here’s the result from one school.起到承上启下的作用， 引出调查结果；第二部分分别阐述两种不同观点About 57 per cent students like to have swimming lessons at school. Because….; However, 43 percent students are against this plan for some reasons.最后提出自己的观点并进行总结In my opinion…。注意阐明观点列举理由时，要注意条理性，比如用到表示次序先后的词first, second, then；或者句型It can…… It also can…..,besides…..等；本文内容完整，写作条理清晰，语言表达准确，是一篇不错的文章。
3．目前，许多中学生利用周末和节假日上课外补习班，对此人们有不同的看法。请根据下面内容写一篇短文。
英语--谓语动词的时态：完成体(现在,过去,将来)
