Manifesto of The Communist Party
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels 1848
1 Bourgeois and Proletarians 2 Proletarians and Communists
3 Socialist and Communist Literature
4 Position of the Communists in relation to the various existing opposition parties
A spectre is haunting （“haunt” 指“鬼魂等反复出没于某地”。欧洲的反动势力视共产主义为幽灵，怕得要死。此句用现在进行时，正活脱脱地表明了他们的这种心理状态，也显示出共产主义方兴未艾，已成气候。） Europe -- the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.
Where is the party in opposition （the opposition 指“反对党”，即，the party in opposition。）that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism （reproach指“责骂或责备”， branding 指“玷辱或污辱”， branding reproach则有“诬陷之词”的意思。注意：不能直接将the branding reproach of communism翻译为“共产主义这个诬陷之词”，尽管介词前后两部分属于同位关系，因为，“共产主义”，在包括马克思在内的共产党人看来，决非贬义之词。可以将这个短语翻译为“将共产主义作为诬陷之词”。）, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? Two things result from this fact:
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power.
II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
I -- BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS
The history of all hitherto existing society （hitherto 为副词，指“迄今为止”，修饰形容词existing，表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年，至今仍然存在，所以，句中 society用单数。）is the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight（an ? fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”，而是指“一种斗争”。这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。后面的同位语a fight也是指“一种斗争”。）, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.（此句为省略句。本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同，都是we have，故省去。）
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.
Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other -- bourgeoisie and proletariat.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.
The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape（the Cape指“开普敦港”，即，THE CAPE TOWN，位于非洲最南端。要绕道非洲航行，必经此地。）, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to（gave an impulse to指“”推动或促进“。注意：此句将三个介词短语to commerce, to navigation, to industry提前，置于宾语an impulse之前，因为宾语带有后置定语 never before known。） the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.
The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was monopolized by closed guilds, now no longer suffices for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed aside by the manufacturing middle class; division of labor between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labor in each single workshop.
Meantime, the markets kept ever growing；the demand ever rising. （此句由两个并列主句构成。第二个主句为省略句，省去了谓语动词kept。补充完整这个主句应该是：the demand kept ever growing. Ever是副词，修饰动名词growing .）Even manufacturers no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionized industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, MODERN INDUSTRY; the place of the industrial middle class by industrial
millionaires, the leaders of the whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.
Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development has, in turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.（into the background是地点状语。宾语 every class被放在此状语之后，因为宾语带有一个较长的后置定语 handed down from the Middle Ages.）
We see, therefore, how（how是关系副词，引导一个宾语从句。它在宾语从句中用作状语，表示方式。） the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance in that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association of medieval commune: here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany); there taxable \estate\of the monarchy (as in France); afterward, in the period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general -- the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative state, exclusive political sway.（此句很长，主语是the bourgeoisie，谓语动词是 has conquered ，宾语是exclusive political sway 。前面的五个名词短语An oppressed class，an...association，independent...public，\estate\和cornerstone作游离定语，修饰主语the bourgeoisie。） The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand（此句为地点状语从句，由关系副词wherever引导出来。got the upper hand意思是“得到支配权或占优势”。）, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his \self-interest, than callous \payment\It has drowned out the most heavenly ecstacies of religious fervor, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom -- Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers.
The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family
relation into a mere money relation.
The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal display of vigor in the Middle Ages, which reactionaries so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence.（注意代词it 的使用。本句中it指“资产阶级”，后面的its不是指“资产阶级的”，而意思是“展示匹夫之勇时的”。） It has been the first to show what man's activity can bring about（what 是关系代词，在句中具有双重功能：做关系词，引导出一个宾语从句；在宾语从句中，作谓语动词bring about的宾语。）. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former exoduses of nations and crusades.
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them （them指前面的the relations of production生产关系。注意本句的由小而大的递进关系：生产工具the instruments of production,生产关系the relations of production，社会关系the whole relations of society.）the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind.
The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere.
The bourgeoisie has, through its exploitation of the world market, given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the great chagrin of reactionaries, it has drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized nations, by industries （本句中，有两个由by引导的状语。第二个industries与第一个industries同位，都指前面的 new industries。）that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations（本句有两个宾语intercourse和inter-dependence，两个宾语由逗号连接。）. And as in material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature.（there arises 为there is
的变体。其中there为引导词，真正的主语是放在后面，是a world literature.类似的变体再比如：Long, long ago there lived an old man who had three daughters.很久很久以前，有一个老人，他有三个女儿。/ In his opinion, there seemed to be this possibility.在他看来，似乎有这种可能。）
The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization. The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction（on pain of意思是“如果违背??，即??”。再比如：He was told to leave the country on pain of death.他被勒令出境，违者处死。短语中的on可换成 upon 或under。比如： Under pain of losing his driver’s license如果他违反，则吊销其驾驶执照。）, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.
The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.( 如果将本句最后两个短语中省略的部分补出，就是：has made nations of peasants dependent on nations of bourgeoisie, has made the East dependent on the West。the East指“东方”，美国英语多用the Orient.这是站在欧洲的角度来看亚洲等国家，所以才有the Far East远东， the Middle East中东, the Near East近东。)
The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the scattered state of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has agglomerated population, centralized the means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralization. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces（or 为并列连接词，后面引导的部分省略掉了Independent。这个Independent和loosely connected, 又由并列连接词but将它们连为一体，去修饰provinces。）, with separate interests, laws, governments, and systems of taxation, became lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national，class interest, one frontier, and one customs tariff.
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization or rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?（注意句中隐喻的用法。使用隐喻时，不用as, like, seem, as if之类的比喻词。句中的the lap 指“膝，怀”，slumber指“安睡”。两个隐喻前后一致，相辅相成，比喻那些生产力像人一样还睡在蕴藏着生产力的社会劳动social labour的怀抱之中。）
《共产党宣言》英文加注释
